not to understand

ἀγνοέω impf. ἠγνόουν; 1 aor. ἠγνόησα; pf. ἠγνόηκα LXX; ptc. ἠγνοηκώς 3 Macc 3:9. Pass.: 1 fut. 3 sg. ἀγνοηθήσεται (Ath., R. 50, 34); plpf. 3 sg. ἠγνόητο (Ath., R. 50, 30). On the philological history s. FLindemann, SymbOsl 38, ’63, 69–75. (Hom.+)

① to be uninformed about, not to know, be ignorant (of)

ⓐ w. ὅτι foll. (Περὶ ὕψους 33, 3 [οὐδὲ ἐκεῖνο ἀγνοῶ ὅτι=nor do I fail to recognize this, namely that …]; PGiss 11, 17 [118 A.D.]) Ro 2:4; 6:3; 7:1; MPol 17:2. A favorite of Paul’s is the formula οὐ θέλω ὑμᾶς ἀγνοεῖν (cp. Theophr., CP 2, 4, 8; 3, 9, 5; PTebt 314, 3 [II A.D.] πιστεύω σε μὴ ἀγνοεῖν; Philo, Opif. M. 87 χρὴ μηδʼ ἐκεῖνο ἀγνοεῖν ὅτι; Jos., Ant. 13, 354 οὐ γὰρ ἀγνοεῖν βούλομαί σε) I want you to know w. ὅτι foll. Ro 1:13; 1 Cor 10:1; cp. 2 Cl 14:2; w. περί τινος 1 Cor 12:1; 1 Th 4:13; w. ὑπέρ τινος and ὅτι foll. 2 Cor 1:8; w. acc. foll. Ro 11:25; cp. οὐ γὰρ αὐτοῦ τὰ νοήματα ἀγνοοῦμεν we are well aware of (Satan’s) designs 2 Cor 2:11 (cp. Diod S 3, 66, 4; Appian, Samn. 4 §14 [sim. Just., D. 33, 1] οὐκ ἀγνοεῖν ὅτι=know very well that; Athen. 4, 73, 172f οὐκ ἀγνοῶ … ἅ.; Wsd 12:10; Jos., Bell. 1, 608, Ant. 6, 253; 7, 217; PGM 7, 245 οὐκ ἀγνοοῦμεν); w. indir. question foll. 2 Cl 10:4; MPol 10:1. Abs. ἀγνοῶν ἐποίησα I did it in ignorance 1 Ti 1:13 (TestJud 12:5; s. 4 below).

ⓑ not to know w. acc. of pers. (PGiss 69, 4 Χαιρήμονα οὐκ ἀγνοεῖς; PPetr III, 53n, 4 [III B.C.]; Herm. Wr. 11, 21b ἀ. τὸν θεόν [codd. τὸ θεῖον]) or thing (SIG 336, 9 ἀ. τοὺς τῆς πόλεως νόμους; 881, 3–4; Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 57, 6 [II B.C.]; Jos., Vi. 107) τοῦτον ἀγνοήσαντες Ac 13:27. τὴν τοῦ θεοῦ δικαιοσύνην Ro 10:3 (here perh.=disregard, s. 2 below). παράπτωμα Hm 9:7. τὸ χάρισμα IEph 17:2; cp. MPol 11:2. Abs. ὅ ἀγνοοῦντες εὐσεβεῖτε what you worship without knowing it (on the subject matter Maximus Tyr. 11, 5e: all sorts of philosophers ἴσασιν οὐκ ἑκόντες καὶ λέγουσιν ἄκοντες sc. τὸ θεῖον=they know and name God without intending to do so) Ac 17:23; cp. ISm 5:1. ὁ ἀγνοῶν the person who does not know it ITr 6:2. Pass. (Jos., Ant. 1, 286) ἀγνοοῦνται (the Christians) are not well known Dg 5:12; ἀγνοούμενοι (opp. ἐπιγινωσκόμενοι) 2 Cor 6:9; ἀγνοούμενος τῷ προσώπῳ ταῖς ἐκκλησίαις unknown to the congregations by face (=personally, dat. of relation B-D-F §197; manner, Rob. 530) Gal 1:22.

② to pay little or no attention to, not to recognize, disregard, ignore (cp. Ro 10:3 above) εἴ τις ἀγνοεῖ, ἀγνοεῖται anyone who disregards (it), is disregarded (by God) 1 Cor 14:38 (v.l. ἀγνοείτω let that person remain ignorant.—For the juxtaposition of act. and pass. s. Alex. Aphr., Fat. 31, II/2 p. 202, 18 ἀγνοῶν καὶ ἀγνοούμενος).

③ to fail to understand, w. implication of lack of capacity or ability, not to understand w. acc. τὸ ῥῆμα Mk 9:32; Lk 9:45. ἐν οἷς (=ἐν τούτοις, ἅ) ἀγνοοῦσιν βλασφημοῦντες deriding what they do not understand 2 Pt 2:12 (cp. PTebt 43, 25 [118 B.C.] ὑφʼ ἡμῶν ἔν τισιν ἠγνοηκότων).

④ to be unaware about one’s wrongdoing, lapse/do wrong/sin unintentionally (Isocr., X. et al.; Polyb. 1, 67, 5; Diod S 1, 70, 7 ὑπὲρ τῶν ἀγνοουμένων; 11, 16, 1 τὰ ἠγνοημένα=lapses; 17, 73, 6; Sir 5:15; 2 Macc 11:31; PTebt 23, 12 [II B.C.] τὰ προηγνοημένα the former sins; s. ἄγνοια 2 beg.) w. πλανᾶσθαι Hb 5:2 (Moffatt: ‘err through ignorance’; s. next entry and μετριοπαθέω).—LCerfaux, RAC I 186–88.—DELG s.v. γιγνώσκω 225. M-M. TW. Sv.

ἀκαταληπτέω

not to understand: pres part mp fem gen pl (attic epic doric)

ἀκαταληπτέω

not to understand: pres part mp masc /neut gen pl (attic epic doric)

ἀκαταληπτέω

not to understand: pres part mp fem gen pl (attic epic doric)

ἀκαταληπτέω

not to understand: pres part mp masc /neut gen pl (attic epic doric)

ἀκαταληπτέω

not to understand: pres subj act 1st sg (attic epic doric)

ἀκαταληπτέω

not to understand: pres ind act 1st sg (attic epic doric aeolic)

ἀκαταληπτέω

not to understand: pres subj act 1st sg (attic epic doric)

ἀκαταληπτέω

not to understand: pres ind act 1st sg (attic epic doric aeolic)

Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `to trust, to rely, to obey, to be persuaded' (Il.).

Other forms: Fut. πείσομαι, aor. πιθέσθαι, πεπιθέσθαι, perf. πέποιθα (all Il.), aor. pass. πεισθῆναι, fut. - θήσομαι, perf. πέπεισ-μαι (Att.), midd. πείσασθαι (hell.), aor. ptc. πιθήσας (Il.), fut. πιθήσω (φ 369; on the explanation below s. ἀπιθής); act. πείθω, πείσω, πεπιθεῖν w. fut. πεπιθήσω, πεῖσαι (all Il.), πιθεῖν (Pi., A.), πέπεικα (young Att.) `convince, persuade'.

Compounds: Also w. prefix, e.g. ἀνα-, ἐπι-, παρα-, συν-. As 1. member in governing compp. like πείθ-αρχ-ος `obedient to the authorities' (A.) with - ία, - έω a.o. (Att.), Πεισί-στρατος PN; as 2. member after the σ-stems a.o. in ἀ-, εὑ-π(ε)ιθής (Thgn., A., Att.) with aor. ἀπίθ-ησε (Il.), fut. ἀπιθ-ήσω (Κ 129, Ω 300); after it the metr. easy πιθήσας with πιθήσω (diff. Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 446).

Derivatives: A. From root-aorist: 1. πιστός `faithful, reliable, credible' (Il.) with πιστό-της f. `faith' (IA.), πιστ-εύω ( δια-, κατα- a.o.) `to rely, to trust, to believe, to confide' (IA.), from which - ευμα, - ευσις, - ευτικός; πιστ-όομαι ( κατα-, συν-, προ-), - όω `to trust entirely, to warrant, to assure; to make reliable' (Il.) with - ωμα, - ωσις, - ωτής, - ωτικός. 2. πίστις f. `faith, trust, authentication, assurance' (IA.) with πιστι-κός `faithful' (Plu., Vett. Val.; if not for πειστικός; s. below). 3. πιθανός `trustworthy, reliable, believable, obedient' (IA.) with πιθαν-ότης, - όω (Pl., Arist.). 4. πί-συνος `relying on somebody or something' (mostly ep. poet. Il.), prob. after θάρσυνος (Schwyzer 491, Wyss - συνη 13ff.). -- B. From present: 1. Πειθώ f. `(goddess of) persuasion, conviction, obedience' (Hes.), from there Boeot. aor. ἐπί-θωσε, - σαν (III<sup>a</sup>)?; Bechtel Dial. 1, 308 w. lit. 2. πειθός `(easily) pesuading, persuasive' (Ep. Cor.). 3. πειθήμων `obedient, persuasive' (late epic). -- C. From present resp. σ-aor. (younger): 1. πεῖσα f. `obedient' ( ἐν πείσῃ υ 23), like δόξα?; Chantraine Form. 100 a. 435, Schwyzer 516. 2. - πειστος as 2. member εὔ-, δυσανά-, ἀμετά-πειστος a.o. (Att.) opposed to older ἄπιστος. 3. πειστ-ικός `fit for persuasion, convincing' (Pl., Arist.), - ήριος `id.' (E.). 4. πεῖσ-μα n. `conviction, confidence' (Plu., Arr., S. E.), - μονή f. `id.' (Ep. Gal., pap.). 5. πεῖσις ( παρά-, κατά- πείθομαι) f. `conviction etc.' (Plot., Hdn., sch.); cf. older πίστις and Fraenkel Glotta 32, 27 w. lit. 6. πειστήρ m. `someone who obeys' (Suid.) 7. Πειστίχη f. surn. of Aphrodite (Delos; on the χ-suffix Chantraine Form. 404). -- D. From perfect: πεποίθ-ησις f. `trust' (LXX, Phld.), - ίαν ἐλπίδα, προσδοκίαν H.; cf. Scheller Oxytonierung 40.

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [117] * bʰidʰ- `convince, trust'

Etymology: With πείθω agrees formally exactly the Lat. themat. root-present fīdō, - ere, IE * bheidh-ō; semant. agrees however the Lat. verb with middle πείθομαι (cf. confīsus sum). Formal identity we find also with the Germ. verb for `wait' in Goth. beidan, OHG bītan etc.; the semantic cleft ('wait (for)' from `trust' or `conform, restrain' ?) is however not yet bridged. The causative too Goth. baidjan `compel', OHG beitten etc. `urge, demand' is semantically divergent; after Specht KZ 66, 205 ff. an agreeing. Gr. *ποιθέω (to which the reduplicated aor. πεπιθεῖν) would have been replaced by act. πείθω. -- The Greek system including the nominal forms is quite explainable from itself; the various adduced nouns, esp. from Lat., like fīdus (formally = the innovated πειθός), fĭdēs, foedus (not to εὑ-πειθής or to πεῖσα), to which perh. also Alb. bē f. `oath' and OCS běda `need' (IE * bhoidhā), do not help understand the Greek forms. Quite doubtful is the connection of πιστός with Alb. besë f. `belief, treaty, faithfulness', appar. from * bhidh-tā f. (= *πιστη; Hamp KZ 77, 252f.); besë rather innovation (Jokl in W.-Hofmann). -- Further forms w. rich lit. in WP. 2, 139f., 185, Pok. 117, W.-Hofmann s. fīdō. Details on form and meaning of πείθομαι and derivv. in S. Schulz Die Wurzel πειθ- ( πιθ-) im älteren Griechischen. Diss. Bern 1952.

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ἀκαταληπτέω

not to understand: pres inf act (attic epic doric)

ἀκαταληπτέω

not to understand: pres inf act (attic epic doric)

ἀκατα-ληπτέω,

A not to understand, S.E.P.1.201, al.

ὄφελος, ους, τό (ὀφέλλω ‘increase’; Hom.+; OGI 519, 26 οὐδὲν ὄφελος ἡμεῖν; POxy 118 verso, 30 οὐδὲν ὄφ.; 1468, 6; Job 15:3; ApcSed 1, 3 [after 1 Cor 13:2]; Jos., Ant. 17, 154; Just.; Ath. 22, 8) an advantage derived from someth., benefit, good τί τὸ ὄφ.; what good does it do? Js 2:16 (Hierocles 14, 451; Philo, Migr. Abr. 55 and Just., D. 14, 1 τί γὰρ ὄφ.;). W. ἐάν foll. (cp. Ael. Aristid. 53 p. 640 D.; M. I. Brutus, Ep. 4) vs. 14; 2 Cl 6:2 (a saying of Jesus; in Mt 16:26 τί ὠφεληθήσεται ἄνθρωπος, ἐὰν … ;). τί μοι τὸ ὄφ.; what good is it to me? 1 Cor 15:32. τί μοι ὄφελος ταῦτα ἑωρακότι καὶ μὴ γινώσκοντι … ; how does it benefit me to have seen this and not to understand … ? Hv 3, 3, 1 (τί μοι ὄφελος; Chariton 7, 4, 10).—DELG s.v. 2 ὀφέλλω. M-M.

νοέω fut. νοήσω LXX; 1 aor. ἐνόησα; pf. νενόηκα; plpf. ἐνενοήκειν (Just.). Pass.: fut. 3 sg. νοηθήσεται Sir 14:21; aor. inf. νοηθῆναι (Just.) (Hom.+; pap, LXX, En, TestSol 11:1 P.; TestAbr B 6 p. 110, 22 [Stone p. 68]; Test12Patr; ApcMos 18; EpArist, Philo, Joseph., apolog. exc. Ar.).

① to grasp or comprehend someth. on the basis of careful thought, perceive, apprehend, understand, gain an insight into

ⓐ w. obj. in the acc. (X., An. 3, 4, 44; Jos., Vi. 298; SibOr 5, 65) τὴν σύνεσίν μου my insight Eph 3:4. δικαίως ν. τὰς ἐντολάς understand the commandments rightly 10:12b. τὰς παραβολάς understand the parables Hm 10, 1, 4; οὐ δύναμαι νοῆσαι I cannot understand (them) s 5, 3, 1 (cp. Pr 1:6); (w. συνιέναι, as 10:12a) πάντα τὰ λεγόμενα m 10, 1, 6a (Just., D. 73, 3 τὸ λεγόμενον); cp. 6b; τῆς βασάνου τὴν δύναμιν the power of the torment Hs 6, 4, 3a. τὴν πρᾶξιν ἣν ποιεῖ what he is doing 6, 5, 3. τὰ ἐπουράνια understand heavenly things ITr 5:2; τὴν δόξαν τοῦ θεοῦ Hm 12, 4, 2; Hs 5, 3, 1 (w. γινώσκειν [as Plato, Rep. 6, 508d and e]); τοὺς χρόνους τ. ἀπάτης 6, 5, 1. Relative clause as obj. 1 Ti 1:7; Dg 8:11; IRo 6:3. ταῦτα 10:12a; Hs 5, 5, 4. αὐτά 6, 5, 2; 9, 2, 6b; οὐδὲν ν. comprehend nothing Hv 3, 6, 5; Hs 9, 14, 4. ὅλως οὐδὲν ν. understand nothing at all m 4, 2, 1. Also οὐδὲν ὅλως ν. 10, 1, 5 (μηδὲν τούτων Just., D. 125, 5). ὅσα οὐ δύνασαι νοῆσαι whatever you cannot comprehend Hs 9, 2, 6a. οὐδὲ δύναμαι νοῆσαι nor do I understand anything (about it) 9, 9, 2.—W. acc. of pers. (Mel., P. 82, 605 οὐκ ἐνόησας τὸν κύριον): of the angel of wickedness πῶς νοήσω αὐτὸν οὐκ ἐπίσταμαι I do not understand how I am to recognize him Hm 6, 2, 5.—W. περί τινος instead of the obj. ἔτι οὐ νενόηκα ὅλως περὶ τοῦ χρόνου τῆς ἀπάτης I have not yet fully understood concerning the time of deceptive pleasure Hs 6, 5, 1 v.l.—Pass. τὰ ἀόρατα … νοούμενα καθορᾶται what is invisible … is clearly perceived (w. the eye of the understanding) Ro 1:20 (νοῆσαι τὸν θεόν: Herm. Wr. 11, 20b; 12, 20b and PGM 3, 597; Orphica Fgm. 6 Abel [Eus., PE 13, 12, 5; cp. Denis 165, ln. 5f; Holladay p. 128 ln. 16, s. app.] οὐδέ τις αὐτὸν εἰσοράᾳ ψυχῶν θνητῶν, νῷ δʼ εἰσοράαται (difft. Theosophien §56, vs. 10 [p. 180]. S. γνωστός 2). Of the λόγος: ὑπὸ ἀπίστων μὴ νοούμενος Dg 11:2 (cp. Ath. 18, 2 λόγῳ υἱῷ νοουμένῳ ἀμερίστῳ).

ⓑ w. ὅτι foll. (BGU 114 I, 9; 2 Km 12:19; EpArist 224; Philo, Virt. 17, Mos. 1, 287; Just. D. 4, 7; 27, 2; B-D-F §397, 2) Mt 15:17; 16:11; Mk 7:18; Ac 16:10 D; 1 Cl 27:3; 7:1; Hm 10, 1, 2; Hs 1:3; (w. οἶδα) 2:8.

ⓒ foll. by acc. and inf. (2 Macc 14:30; Just. D. 46, 5 ἃ πάντως ἅγια νοοῦμεν εἶναι; 49, 22; 60, 3; B-D-F §397, 2; Rob. 1036) Hb 11:3; foll. by acc. and ptc. ἐνόησα ὑμᾶς κατηρτισμένους I have observed that you are equipped ISm 1:1 (Kaibel 278, 3 τὸν φίλον ὄντα νόει; Just. D. 46, 5 θεὸν … ἐντειλάμενον ὑμῖν).

ⓓ foll. by indirect question (IDefixWünsch 4, 56f ἵνα μὴ νοῶσιν τί ποιῶσιν; Wsd 4:17; SibOr 3, 796; Just. D. 12, 3) Hm 6, 1, 1; μὴ νοῶν ὅτι (τί v.l.) ἐστίν Hs 5, 4, 2; οὐ ν. w. indir. quest. preceding I do not understand m 10, 1, 3. Elliptically πῶς, οὐ νοῶ how (this can be) I do not understand Hs 5, 6, 1.

ⓔ abs. (Sir 11:7; TestAbr B 6 p. 110, 22 [Stone p. 68] καλῶς ἐνόησας; Just. D. 119, 1 χάριν τοῦ νοῆσαι) B 6:10; 17:2; Hs 6, 4, 3b; 9, 28, 6; νοῆσαί σε δεῖ πρῶτον you must understand it first v 3, 8, 11. Comprehend, perceive (EpArist 153) Mt 16:9; Mk 8:17. More fully ν. τῇ καρδίᾳ (Is 44:18) J 12:40.

② to think over with care, consider, take note of ὁ ἀναγινώσκων νοείτω let the reader/lector note (these words); s. ἀναγινώσκω) Mt 24:15; Mk 13:14. νόει ὸ̔ λέγω consider what I say 2 Ti 2:7 (Pla., Ep. 8, 352c νοήσατε ἃ λέγω) ἔτι κἀκεῖνο νοεῖτε consider this, too 4:14. W. indir. quest. foll. 1 Cl 19:3; 8:2.

③ to form an idea about something, think, imagine (En 100:8 ν. τὸ κακόν) ὑπερεκπερισσοῦ ὧν νοοῦμεν far beyond what we imagine Eph 3:20.

④ to pay heed with intent to act appropriately, be minded σεμνὰ ν. be honorably minded 1 Cl 1:3.—DELG s.v. νόος. M-M. TW. Sv.

οἶδα (Hom.+) really the perf. of the stem εἰδ-(Lat. video), but used as a pres.; 2 sing. οἶδας (1 Cor 7:16; J 21:15f), οἶσθα (Dt 9:2 4 Macc 6:27), 1 pl. οἴδαμεν LXX, 2 pl. οἴδατε, 3 pl. οἴδασιν (ἴσασιν only Ac 26:4. The form οἴδασιν is found as early as Hdt. 2, 43, 1; X., Oec. 20, 14; SIG 182, 8 [362/361 B.C.]; PCairGoodsp 3, 7 [III B.C.]; οἶδαν GJs 17:1). ἴστε Eph 5:5; Hb 12:17; Js 1:19 can be indic. (so 3 Macc 3:14) or impv.; subj. εἰδῶ; inf. εἰδέναι; εἰδῆσαι Dt 4:35; Jdth 9:14; ptc. εἰδώς, εἰδυῖα Mk 5:33; Ac 5:7. Plpf. ᾔδειν, 2 sg. ᾔδεις Mt 25:26; Lk 19:22, 3 pl. ᾔδεισαν (W-S. §13, 20). Fut. εἰδήσω Hb 8:11 (Jer 38:34) and εἴσομαι (Dg 12:1). B-D-F §99, 2; 101 p. 45 (εἰδέναι); W-S. §14, 7; Mlt-H. 220–22; Helbing p. 108; Mayser 321, 2; 327, 17; 372f; on relation to γινώσκω s. SPorter, Verbal Aspect in the Greek of the NT ’89, 282–87.

① to have information about, know

ⓐ w. acc. of pers. know someone, know about someone Mk 1:34; J 1:26, 31, 33; 6:42; 7:28a; Ac 3:16; 7:18 (Ex 1:8); Hb 10:30; 10:11. (τὸν) θεόν (Herm. Wr. 14, 8; Ar. 3, 2; Just., D. 10, 4; Tat. 19, 2) of polytheists, who know nothing about God (the one God described in vss. 6–7, and in contrast to the plurality of gods that have previously enslaved the Galatians vs. 8) Gal 4:8; 1 Th 4:5 (cp. Jer 10:25).

ⓑ w. acc. of thing: οὐ τὴν ἡμέραν οὐδὲ τὴν ὥραν Mt 25:13; cp. 2 Cl 12:1. τὰς ἐντολάς Mk 10:19; Lk 18:20. βρῶσιν J 4:32. τ. ἐνθυμήσεις Mt 9:4 v.l. (cp. Jos., Vi. 283). τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν Ro 7:7. τὰ μυστήρια πάντα 1 Cor 13:2. τὰ ἐγκάρδια 2 Cl 9:9. τὰ κρύφια IMg 3:2. τὴν πόλιν Hs 1:1.

ⓒ w. acc. of pers. and ptc. in place of the predicate (X., An. 1, 10, 16; TestJob 28:5; Just., A I, 12, 7.—B-D-F §416, 2; s. Rob. 1103) οἶδα ἄνθρωπον ἐν Χριστῷ … ἁρπαγέντα τὸν τοιοῦτον ἕως τρίτου οὐρανοῦ I know of a person in Christ … that he was transported into the third heaven 2 Cor 12:2. Also without the ptc. εἰδὼς αὐτὸν ἄνδρα δίκαιον (sc. ὄντα) because he knew that he was a just man Mk 6:20 (Chion, Ep. 3, 5 ἴσθι με προθυμότερον [ὄντα]). The obj. more closely defined by a declarative or interrog. clause: οἴδατε τὴν οἰκίαν Στεφανᾶ ὅτι ἐστὶν ἀπαρχὴ τῆς Ἀχαί̈ας = οἴδατε ὅτι ἡ οἰκία Στεφανᾶ ἐστιν ἀπαρχὴ τῆς Ἀ. 1 Cor 16:15.—Ac 16:3 v.l. An indirect quest. may take the place of ὅτι: οἶδά σε τίς εἶ Mk 1:24; Lk 4:34. οὐκ οἶδα ὑμᾶς πόθεν ἐστέ I do not know where you come from 13:25; cp. vs. 27 (ὑμᾶς is not found in all the mss. here); 2 Cl 4:5. τοῦτον οἴδαμεν πόθεν ἐστίν J 7:27; 9:29b.

ⓓ foll. by acc. and inf. (Just., A I, 26, 4; 59, 6, D. 75, 4.—B-D-F §397, 1; s. Rob. 1036ff) Lk 4:41; 1 Pt 5:9; 1 Cl 62:3.

ⓔ foll. by ὅτι (Aeneas Tact. 579; Dio Chrys. 31 [48], 1; Maximus Tyr. 16, 2b; TestAbr A 6 p. 83, 14 [Stone p. 14]; JosAs 6:6 al.; Just., A I, 12, 11; D. 4, 4 al.—B-D-F §397, 1; Rob. 1035) Mt 6:32; 9:6; 15:12; 20:25; Mk 10:42; Lk 2:49; 8:53; J 4:25; Ac 3:17 and very oft.; GJs 4:4; 5:1; 17:1; 20:2 codd.; 23:2. εἰδὼς (εἰδότες) ὅτι Ac 2:30; 1 Cl 45:7; 2 Cl 7:1; 10:5; B 10:11; 19:6; IMg 14; ISm 4:1; Hs 8, 6, 1; 10, 3, 4 [Ox 404 recto, 15]; Pol 1:3; 4:1; 5:1; 6:1; D 3:10; AcPl Ha 1, 25; AcPlCor 2:29.—τοῦτο, ὅτι 1 Ti 1:9; 2 Ti 1:15. ἓν οἶδα, ὅτι I know just this one thing, that J 9:25b (Vi. Aesopi I c. 17 p. 269, 16f Eb. οὐκ οἶδα, τί γέγονεν. ἓν δʼ οἶδα μόνον, ὅτι …).—The formula οἴδαμεν ὅτι is freq. used to introduce a well-known fact that is generally accepted Mt 22:16; Lk 20:21; J 3:2; 9:31; Ro 2:2; 3:19; 7:14; 8:22, 28; 2 Cor 5:1; 1 Ti 1:8; 1J 3:2; 5:18ff. Paul also uses for this purpose the rhetorical question (ἢ) οὐκ οἴδατε ὅτι; Ro 6:16; 1 Cor 3:16; 5:6; 6:2f, 9, 15f, 19; 9:13, 24.

ⓕ w. indirect quest. foll.: (TestAbr B 2 p. 106, 1 [Stone p. 60] μὴ εἰδὼς τίς ἐστίν; Just., D. 65, 1 οὐκ οἶδα τί φῶ) τίς, τί Mt 20:22; Mk 9:6 (HBaltensweiler, D. Verklärung Jesu ’59, 114f; on the grammar as well as the theme of inappropriateness in the face of transcendence cp. Eur., Bacch. 506, s. also 358); 10:38; 14:40; J 5:13; 6:6; 9:21b; 13:18; 15:15; Ro 8:27; 11:2; 1 Th 4:2; 2 Ti 3:14; IEph 12:1. ποῖος Mt 24:42f; Lk 12:39. ἡλίκος Col 2:1. οἷος 1 Th 1:5. ποῦ (ParJer 5:13) J 3:8; 8:14; 12:35 14:5; 20:2, 13. πῶς (BGU 37, 7; ApcMos 31) J 9:21a; Col 4:6; 2 Th 3:7; 1 Ti 3:15; GJs 23:3. πότε Mk 13:33, 35. πόθεν J 2:9a; 3:8; 7:28b; 8:14; 9:30. Foll. by εἰ whether (Lucian, Tox. 22) J 9:25; 1 Cor 7:16ab (JJeremias, Bultmann Festschr. ’54, 255–66 understands τί οἶδας εἰ as ‘perhaps’; CBurchard, ZNW 61, ’70, 170f); Hm 12, 3, 4.—εἴτε 2 Cor 12:2f.

ⓖ followed by a relat. (PPetr II, 11 [1], 7 [III B.C.]) οἶδεν ὁ πατὴρ ὑμῶν ὧν χρείαν ἔχετε Mt 6:8; cp. Mk 5:33; 2 Ti 1:12.

ⓗ foll. by περί τινος (Just., D. 5, 1) know about someth. Mt 24:36; Mk 13:32 (RBrown, Jesus, God and Man ’67, 59–79).

ⓘ abs. (Just., A I, 21, 4 πρὸς εἰδότας λέγειν οὐκ ἀνάγκη) Mt 21:27; Mk 4:27; Lk 11:44; J 2:9b; 1 Cl 43:6. καθὼς (αὐτοὶ) οἴδατε as you (yourselves) know Ac 2:22; 1 Th 2:2, 5; cp. 3:4. καίπερ εἰδ. though you know (them) 2 Pt 1:12. ὁ θεὸς οἶδεν God knows (that I do) 2 Cor 11:11; cp. 9:9. ἴστε Js 1:19 (indic.: HermvSoden; BWeiss; Weymouth; W-S. §14, 7; impv: Hollmann; MDibelius; Windisch; OHoltzmann; Hauck; Meinertz; NRSV ‘You must understand this’; B-D-F §99, 2; Mlt. 245).

② be intimately acquainted with or stand in a close relation to, know οὐκ οἶδα τὸν ἄνθρωπον I don’t know the man Mt 26:72, 74; cp. Mk 14:71; Lk 22:57. ὥστε ἡμεῖς ἀπὸ τοῦ νῦν οὐδένα οἴδαμεν κατὰ σάρκα 2 Cor 5:16. οὐ γὰρ ᾔδει αὐτὸν ἐν σαρκί AcPl Ant 13, 16 (for this εἶδεν ἀυτὸν σαρκί Aa I 237, 2).— To know God, i.e. not only to know theoretically of God’s existence, but to have a positive relationship with God, or not to know God, i.e. wanting to know nothing about God: 2 Th 1:8; Tit 1:16.—J 7:28b; 8:19 al.—οὐκ οἶδα ὑμᾶς I have nothing to do with you Mt 25:12. Cp. the formula of similar mng. by which a teacher excluded a scholar for seven days: Billerb. I 469; IV 293.

③ to know/understand how, can, be able w. inf. foll. (X., Cyr. 1, 6, 46; Philosoph. Max. p. 497, 7 εἰδὼς εὔχεσθαι; Herodian 3, 4, 8; Jos., Bell. 2, 91; 5, 407) οἴδατε δόματα ἀγαθὰ διδόναι you know how to give good gifts Mt 7:11; Lk 11:13 (cp. TestJob 44:3 ᾔδεισαν εὖ ποιεῖν). οἴδατε δοκιμάζειν you understand how to interpret 12:56ab. οἶδα καὶ ταπεινοῦσθαι, οἶδα καὶ περισσεύειν Phil 4:12. εἰδέναι ἕκαστον ὑμῶν τὸ ἑαυτοῦ σκεῦος κτᾶσθαι ἐν ἁγιασμῷ each one of you is to know how to possess his own vessel (s. σκεῦος 3) in consecration 1 Th 4:4. τοῦ ἰδίου οἴκου προστῆναι οὐκ οἶδεν does not know how to manage his own household 1 Ti 3:5. εἰδὼς καλὸν ποιεῖν Js 4:17. οἶδεν κύριος εὐσεβεῖς ἐκ πειρασμοῦ ῥύεσθαι 2 Pt 2:9. οἴδασιν διὰ κόπου … πορίζειν ἑαυτοῖς τὴν τροφήν 10:4. εἰδὼς φέρειν μαλακίαν one who knew how to endure pain 1 Cl 16:3 (Is 53:3).—Abs. ἀσφαλίσασθε ὡς οἴδατε make it (=the tomb) as secure as you can Mt 27:65.

④ to grasp the meaning of someth., understand, recognize, come to know, experience (Just., D. 114, 1 ἣν τέχνην ἐὰν μὴ εἰδῶσιν [of allegorizing]; Sallust. 3 p. 4, 8 τοῖς δυναμένοις εἰδέναι=to those who can understand it) w. acc. of thing τὴν παραβολήν Mk 4:13. τὸν ἐπὶ τοῦ πυροῦ σπόρον … ὅτι the sowing of wheat … that AcPlCor 2:26. τὰ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου understand what is really human 1 Cor 2:11. τὰ ὑπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ χαρισθέντα ἡμῖν vs. 12. τὰ συνέχοντά με IRo 6:3. W. indir. quest. foll. εἰδέναι τίς ἐστιν ἡ ἐλπίς come to know what the hope is Eph 1:18. οὐκ οἶδα τί λέγεις I do not understand what you mean (Philostrat., Vi. Soph. 1, 7, 4; TestAbr A 16, p. 98, 10 [Stone p. 44] οἶδα τί λέγεις) Mt 26:70; cp. J 16:18; 1 Cor 14:16. Lk 22:60 (Oenomaus in Eus., PE 6, 7, 9 οὐκ οἶσθα ἃ λέγεις; Just., D. 9, 1 οὐ γὰρ οἶδας ὅ λέγεις). εἴσεσθε ὅσα παρέχει ὁ θεός you will experience what God bestows Dg 12:1.—Esp. of Jesus’ ability to fathom people’s thoughts: τὰς ἐνθυμήσεις αὐτῶν Mt 12:25. τὴν ὑπόκρισιν Mk 12:15. τοὺς διαλογισμοὺς αὐτῶν Lk 6:8; cp. 11:17. PEg² 50 (=ASyn. 280, 45). W. ἐν ἑαυτῷ added and ὅτι foll. J 6:61.

⑤ to remember, recollect, recall, be aware of λοιπὸν οὐκ οἶδα εἴ τινα ἄλλον ἐβάπτισα I don’t recall baptizing anyone else 1 Cor 1:16 (cp. Lucian, Dial. Meretr. 1, 1 οἶσθα αὐτόν, ἢ ἐπιλέλησαι τὸν ἄνθρωπον; οὐκ, ἀλλʼ οἶδα, ὦ Γλυκέριον; Field, Notes 187).

⑥ to recognize merit, respect, honor εἰδέναι τοὺς κοπιῶντας ἐν ὑμῖν respect the people who work among you 1 Th 5:12 (εἰδέναι τινά can mean recognize or honor someone [Ael. Aristid. 35, 35 K.=9 p. 111 D. τοὺς κρείττους εἰδέναι] but can also mean take an interest in someone, care for someone: Witkowski 30, 7 οἱ θεοί σε οἴδασιν). θεὸν καὶ ἐπίσκοπον εἰδέναι honor God and the bishop ISm 9:1.—τοῦτο ἴστε γινώσκοντες Eph 5:5 has been viewed as a Hebraism (so ARobinson 1904 ad loc., calling attention to LXX 1 Km 20:3 γινώσκων οἶδεν and Sym. Jer 49 [42]: 22 ἴστε γινώσκοντες), but against this view SPorter, ZNW 81, ’90, 270–76.—B. 1209. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW.

ἀκούω fut. ἀκούσω SibOr 4, 175; Mt 12:19; 13:14 (Is 6:9); J 5:25, 28; 10:16, ἀκούσομαι EpArist 5; Ac 3:22 (Dt 18:15); 28:28 (freq. w. vv.ll.); 1 aor. ἤκουσα; pf. ἀκήκοα; ptc. ἠκουκώς Hs 5, 4, 2. Pass.: fut. ἀκουσθήσομαι; 1 aor. ἠκούσθην; pf. 3 sg. ἤκουσται Dt 4:32 (Hom.+) ‘hear’, as a passive respondent to λέγω.

① lit. to have or exercise the faculty of hearing, hear

ⓐ abs. τὰ ὦτα ἀκούουσιν Mt 13:16; κωφοὶ ἀ. 11:5; cp. Mk 7:37; Lk 7:22; τοῖς ὠσὶν βαρέως ἀ. be hard of hearing Mt 13:15 (Is 6:10); ἀκοῇ ἀ. Mt 13:14; Ac 28:26 (both Is 6:9). ἀκούοντες οὐκ ἀκούουσιν they hear and yet do not hear Mt 13:13 (s. Aeschyl., Prom. 448 κλύοντες οὐκ ἤκουον; Demosth. 25 [Against Aristogeiton 1], 89, citing the maxim ὁρῶντας μὴ ὁρᾶν καὶ ἀκούοντας μὴ ἀκούειν), cp. Mk 8:18 (Ezk 12:2) and s. 7 below. In the protasis of a challenge to hearers, by which their attention is drawn to a special difficulty: ὁ ἔχων ὦτα (οὖς) ἀκούειν ἀκουέτω, w. variations (Arrian, Ind. 5, 1 ὅστις ἐθέλει φράζειν …, φραζέτω) Mt 11:15 v.l.; 13:9 v.l., 43 v.l.; Mk 4:9, 23; 7:15 [16] v.l.; Lk 8:8; 14:35 (EBishop, BT 7, ’56, 38–40); Rv 2:7, 11, 17, 29; 3:6, 13, 22; 13:9. Cp. Ox 1081 verso, 6–8; s. 7 below for the restored text. For the sense of the impv. in these challenges also s. 7. S. οὖς 2.

ⓑ w. obj. (on the syntax B-D-F §173; 416, 1; Rob. 506f; on the LXX s. Johannessohn, Kasus, 36; Helbing, Kasussyntax 150ff).

α. foll. by a thing as obj. in acc. (Diod S 8, 32, 1 τὶ something) Mt 11:4; 13:17ff; Lk 7:22; 1J 1:1, 3. τὴν φωνήν (UPZ 77 I, 25) Mt 12:19; J 3:8; Ac 22:9 (but see 7 below); 1 Cl 39:3 (Job 4:16); (pass. Mt 2:18 [Jer 38:15]; Rv 18:22). τὸν λόγον Mt 13:20ff; J 5:24. τοὺς λόγους, τὰ ῥήματα Mt 10:14; J 8:47 s. 4 below; Ac 2:22. πολέμους καὶ ἀκοὰς πολέμων Mt 24:6. τὴν βλασφημίαν 26:65. τὸν ἀσπασμόν Lk 1:41. ἄρρητα ῥήματα 2 Cor 12:4. τὸν ἀριθμόν Rv 9:16. τὴν ἀποκάλυψιν Hv 3, 12, 2. Pass. τὰ ἀκουσθέντα what has been heard i.e. the message Hb 2:1. ἠκούσθη ὁ λόγος εἰς τὰ ὦτα τῆς ἐκκλησίας … ἐν Ἰερουσαλήμ the report reached the ears of the church in Jerusalem Ac 11:22. Oft. the obj. is to be supplied fr. context Mt 13:17; Mk 4:15; J 6:60a; Ac 2:37; 8:30; 9:21; Ro 10:14. καθὼς ἀκούω = ἃ ἀ. J 5:30.

β. τί τινος hear someth. fr. someone τὴν ἐπαγγελίαν, ἣν ἠκούσατέ μου the promise which you heard from me Ac 1:4. Still other constrs. occur, which are also poss. when the hearing is not directly fr. the mouth of the informant, but involves a report which one has received fr. the pers. in any way at all (s. below 3d). τὶ ἔκ τινος (Od. 15, 374; Hdt. 3, 62 ἐκ τοῦ κήρυκος) 2 Cor 12:6. τὶ παρά τινος (Soph., Oed. R. 7 παρʼ ἀγγέλων; Pla., Rep. 6, 506d; Demosth. 6, 26; Jer 30:8; Jos., Bell. 1, 529) J 8:26, 40 (τὴν ἀλήθειαν ἀ. as Diod S 16, 50, 2); 15:15; Ac 10:22; 28:22; 2 Ti 2:2; w. attraction of the relative λόγων ὧν παρʼ ἐμοῦ ἤκουσας teachings which you have heard from me 1:13; τὶ ἀπό τινος (Thu. 1, 125, 1) 1J 1:5. Hebraistically ἀπὸ τ. στόματός τινος Lk 22:71 (cp. ἐκ τ. στόμ. τ. Ex 23:13; Ezk 3:17; 33:7).

γ. foll. by a thing as obj. in gen. (Hdt. 8, 135; X., Cyr. 3, 1, 8; Demosth. 18, 3; B-D-F §173, 2; Rob. 507) hear someth. τῆς βλασφημίας (= τὴν βλ. Mt 26:65) Mk 14:64. συμφωνίας καὶ χορῶν Lk 15:25; τῆς φωνῆς (BGU 1007, 11 [III B.C.] ἀκούσαντες φωνῆς) J 5:25, 28; Ac 9:7 (on the experience of Paul and his companions cp. Maximus Tyr. 9, 7d–f: some see a divine figure, others see nothing but hear a voice, still others both see and hear); 11:7; 22:7 (HMoehring, NovT 3, ’59, 80–99; s. Rob. 506). τῶν λόγων Lk 6:47. τῶν ῥημάτων J 12:47.

ⓒ hear, listen to w. gen. of the pers. and a ptc. (Pla., Prot. 320b; X., Symp. 3, 13; Herm. Wr. 12, 8; Jos., Ant. 10, 105 ἤκουσε τοῦ προφήτου ταῦτα λέγοντος): ἠκούσαμεν αὐτοῦ λέγοντος we have heard him say Mk 14:58; ἀκοῦσαι προσευχομένου Παύλου AcPl Ha 2, 12. ἤκουον εἷς ἕκαστος … λαλούντων αὐτῶν each one heard them speaking Ac 2:6, 11; Rv 16:5, 7 (in vs. 7 the altar speaks); Hv 1, 3, 3. W. acc. instead of gen. πᾶν κτίσμα … καὶ τὰ ἐν αὐτοῖς πάντα ἤκουσα λέγοντας (v.l. λέγοντα) Rv 5:13. Used without ptc. w. pronoun only: μου (Dio Chrys. 79 [28], 14) Mk 7:14; Ac 26:3. αὐτῶν Lk 2:46. αὐτοῦ vs. 47; 15:1; 19:48; 21:38; J 3:29 etc. ἡμῶν Ac 24:4.—ἀ. τινὸς περί τινος (since Hdt. 7, 209; IG II, 168 [338 B.C.]) hear someone (speak) about someth. Ac 17:32. ἤκουσεν αὐτοῦ περὶ τῆς … πίστεως he heard him speak about faith Ac 24:24, cp. Hm 11:7.—W. ὅτι foll. (X., Cyr. 3, 3, 18) J 14:28; Ac 22:2.—Abs. οἱ ἀκούοντες the hearers (Diod S 4, 7, 4) Lk 6:27; MPol 7:3. Esp. impv. ἄκουε listen! Mk 12:29 (Dt 6:4); Hs 5, 1, 3; pl. Mk 4:3. ἀκούσατε Ac 7:2; 13:16; AcPl Ha 8, 10. W. συνίετε listen and try to understand Mt 15:10.

② legal t.t. to hear a legal case, grant a hearing to someone (X., Hell. 1, 7, 9 al.; PAmh 135, 14; PIand 9, 10; 15; BGU 511 II, 2; POxy 1032, 59) w. παρά τινος: ἐὰν μὴ ἀκούσῃ πρῶτον παρʼ αὐτοῦ without first giving him a hearing J 7:51 (SPancaro, Biblica 53, ’72, 340–61).—Ac 25:22.

③ to receive news or information about someth., learn about someth.

ⓐ abs. ἀκούσας δὲ ὁ Ἰησοῦς when Jesus learned about it (the death of J. Bapt.) Mt 14:13.—Mk 3:21; 6:14 (s. HLjungvik, ZNW 33, ’34, 90–92); Ro 10:18. W. ἀναγγέλλειν 15:21 (Is 52:15).

ⓑ w. gen. of person οὗ οὐκ ἤκουσαν of whom they have not heard Ro 10:14a.—W. acc. of thing (X., Cyr. 1, 1, 4; Diod S 19, 8, 4; Chion, Ep. 12 ἀκ. τὴν τυραννίδα; Herodian 4, 4, 8) learn of τὴν ἀγάπην Phlm 5. τὴν ἀναστροφήν Gal 1:13. τὰ ἔργα τοῦ Χριστοῦ Mt 11:2. τὴν ἐνέδραν the ambush Ac 23:16: Χριστιανισμὸν ἀ. hear Christianity IPhld 6:1; τὴν οἰκονομίαν Eph 3:2. τὴν πίστιν 1:15; Col 1:4. τὴν ὑπομονήν Js 5:11.—Pass. ἀκούεται ἐν ὑμῖν πορνεία it is reported that there is immorality among you 1 Cor 5:1 (schol. on Nicander, Ther. 139 τοῦτο ἐξακούεται=this report is heard). ἐὰν ἀκουσθῇ τοῦτο ἐπὶ τοῦ ἡγεμόνος if this should come to the prefect’s ears Mt 28:14.

ⓒ ἀ. τι περί τινος (since Hdt. 2, 43) learn someth. about someone Lk 9:9; 16:2.—ἀ. περί τινος (Jos., Vi. 246) Lk 7:3.

ⓓ w. prep., to denote the author or source of the information (s. 1bβ) ἀ. τι παρά τινος: τῶν ἀκουσάντων παρὰ Ἰωάννου who had learned fr. John (who Jesus was) J 1:40, cp. 6:45 (Simplicius in Epict. p. 110, 35 τὸ ἀκοῦσαι παρὰ θεοῦ, ὅτι ἀθάνατός ἐστιν ἡ ψυχή); ἀ. τι ἔκ τινος: ἠκούσαμεν ἐκ τοῦ νόμου we have heard from the law (when it was read in the synagogue) J 12:34, where ἀ. approaches the technical sense learn (a body of authoritative teaching), as 1J 1:5 (s. above); 2:7, 24 et al. (OPiper, JBL 66, ’47, 437 n. 1). ἀ. ἀπό τινος περί τινος Ac 9:13.

ⓔ w. ὅτι foll. (SIG 370, 21; PTebt 416, 8; BGU 246, 19; Josh l0:1; Da 5:14 Theod.; 1 Macc 6:55; 4 Macc 4:22; cp. the constr. ἀ. τινὰ ὅτι Od. 3, 193; X., Mem. 4, 2, 33) Mt 2:22; 4:12 al.—Pass. ἠκούσθη ὅτι ἐν οἴκῳ ἐστίν it became known that he was in the house Mk 2:1 (s. B-D-F §405, 2). οὐκ ἠκούσθη ὅτι it is unheard of that J 9:32.

ⓕ w. acc. and inf. foll. (Hom. et al.; Jos., Ant. 11, 165; 13, 292) J 12:18; 1 Cor 11:18. W. acc. and ptc. (X., Cyr. 2, 4, 12; Herodian 2, 12, 4) Ac 7:12; 3J 4.

④ to give careful attention to, listen to, heed ἀ. τινός someone (Hom. et al.) ἀκούετε αὐτοῦ Mt 17:5; Lk 9:35; Ac 3:22 (all three Dt 18:15); cp. Mt 18:15; Lk 16:29, 31; J 10:8; Ac 4:19. W. acc. of thing J 8:47 (s. 1bα); PEg² 53f (restored).—Abs. (PsSol 2:8) obey, listen αὐτοὶ καὶ ἀκούσονται Ac 28:28; cp. Mt 18:16; J 5:25b; agree 9:27a.

⑤ to pay attention to by listening, listen to ἀ. τινός someone/someth. (Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 14 I, 18; 461, 6) Mk 6:11; J 6:60b. Of God (Hom.+) Ac 7:34 (Ex 3:7); J 9:31; 11:41f; 1J 5:14f; AcPt Ox 849, 27.—Abs. καθὼς ἠδύναντο ἀ. as they were able to listen Mk 4:33 (EMolland, SymbOsl 8, 1929, 83–91; s. also 7 below).

⑥ to be given a nickname or other identifying label, be called (Demosth. 18, 46 κόλακες ἀκούουσι; Diog. L. 2, 111 a derisive nickname; 2, 140) ἤκουσαν προδόται γονέων they were called betrayers of their parents Hv 2, 2, 2.

⑦ to hear and understand a message, understand (Teles p. 47, 12; Galen: CMG Suppl. I p. 12, 29; Aelian, VH 13, 46; Apollon. Dysc., Syntax p. 295, 25 [Gramm. Gr. II/2 p. 424, 5 U.] ἀκούειν= συνιέναι τῶν ἠκουσμένων; Sext. Emp., Math. 1, 37 τὸ μὴ πάντας πάντων ἀκούειν; Julian, Orat. 4 p. 147a; PGM 3, 453 ἀκούσεις τὰ ὄρνεα λαλοῦντα; Philo, Leg. All. 2, 35) abs. (Is 36:11) 1 Cor 14:2. Perh. also Mk 4:33 (s. 5 above, and cp. Epict. 1, 29, 66 τ. δυναμένοις αὐτὰ ἀκοῦσαι). On the form of Lk 6:27a cp. Cleopatra 16, 57 ὑμῖν δὲ λέγω τοῖς εὖ φρονοῦσιν. W. acc. τὸν νόμον understand the law Gal 4:21; perh. Ac 22:9; 26:14 (s. 1bα above) belong here. Cp. also the play on words (1a above) ἀκούοντες οὐκ ἀκούουσιν Mt 13:13; cp. Mk 8:18. Here belong also the imperatives in Mt 11:15; 13:9, 43; Mk 4:9, 23; 7:15 [16] v.l.; Lk 8:8; 14:35; Rv 2:7, 11, 17, 29; 3:6, 13, 22; 13:9; also ὁ ἔχων ὦ[τ]α τ[ῶν ἀ]|περάντων [ἀ]κο[ύει?]ν ἀ|κουέτω one who has ears to hear the things that are without limits let him hear Ox 1081, 6–8, rev. on the basis of the Coptic, s. SJCh 89, 5f; cp. Borger, GGA 122.—ἀκούω is occasionally used as a perfective present: I hear= I have heard (so as early as Il. 24, 543; Aristoph., Frogs 426; X., An. 2, 5, 13, Mem. 2, 4, 1; 3, 5, 26; Pla., Rep. 583d; Theocr. 15, 23) Lk 9:9; 1 Cor 11:18; 2 Th 3:11. B-D-F §322.—B. 1037; 1339. DELG. M-M. TW. Sv.

γινώσκω (in the form γιγνώσκω [s. below] since Homer; γιν. in Attic ins in Meisterhans³-Schw. index, from 325 B.C.; in pap fr. 277 B.C. [Mayser 165]; likew. LXX, pseudepigr., Philo, Joseph., apolog.) impf. ἐγίνωσκον; fut. γνώσομαι; 2 aor. ἔγνων, impv. γνῶθι, γνώτω, subj. 1 sg. γνῶ and 3 sg. γνῶ (γνοῖ Mk 5:43; 9:30; Lk 19:15; Hm 4, 1, 5; B-D-F §95, 2; W-S. §13, 22; Mlt-H. 83; Rob. 1214); 2 sg. γνώσῃς (TestAbr A 8 p. 86, 5 [Stone p. 20]); opt. 1 sg. γνῴην; 3 sg. γνοίη Job 23:3, 5; inf. γνῶναι, ptc. γνούς; pf. ἔγνωκα, 3 pl. ἔγνωκαν J 17:7 (W-S. §13, 15 n. 15); plpf. ἐγνώκειν. Pass.: 1 fut. γνωσθήσομαι; 1 aor. ἐγνώσθην; pf. ἔγνωσμαι. (On the spellings γινώσκειν and γιγνώσκειν s. W-S. §5, 31; B-D-F §34, 4; Mlt-H. 108.) This verb is variously nuanced in contexts relating to familiarity acquired through experience or association with pers. or thing.

① to arrive at a knowledge of someone or someth., know, know about, make acquaintance of

ⓐ w. acc. of thing: mysteries (Wsd 2:22; En 104:12) Mt 13:11; Mk 4:11 v.l.; Lk 8:10; will of the Master (Just., D. 123, 4) 12:47f; that which brings peace 19:42; truth (Jos., Ant. 13, 291) J 8:32; times Ac 1:7; sin Ro 7:7; affection 2 Cor 2:4; spirit of truth J 14:17; way of righteousness 2 Pt 2:21 P⁷²; God’s glory 1 Cl 61:1.—Abs. γνόντες (Is 26:11) when they had ascertained it Mk 6:38; ἐκ μέρους γ. know fragmentarily, only in part 1 Cor 13:9, 12.—W. prep. γ. τι ἔκ τινος (X., Cyr. 1, 6, 45; Jos., Vi. 364) know a thing by someth. (Diod S 17, 101, 6): a tree by its fruit Mt 12:33; Lk 6:44; 1J 4:6; γ. τι ἔν τινι (Sir 4:24; 26:9) 1J 4:2. Also γ. τι κατά τι (Gen 15:8): κατὰ τί γνώσομαι τοῦτο; by what (= how) shall I know this? Lk 1:18.

ⓑ w. personal obj. (Plut., Mor. 69c ἄνδρα τοιοῦτον οὐκ ἔγνωμεν; Did., Gen. 45, 24 evil powers): God (Ael. Aristid. 52, 2 K.=28 p. 551 D.: γ. τὸν θεόν; Herm. Wr. 1, 3; 10, 19a; Sallust. 18, 3 p. 34, 9 θεούς; 1 Km 2:10; 3:7; 1 Ch 28:9; 3 Macc 7:6; PsSol 2:31; Da 11:32 Theod.; Philo, Ebr. 45; Ar. 15, 3; Just., D. 14, 12; Orig., C. Cels. 6, 66, 26f) J 14:7ab; 17:3, 25; Ro 1:21; Gal 4:9; 1J 2:3, 13; 3:1, 6; 4:6ff; 5:20 (for 1J s. M-EBoismard, RB 56, ’49, 365–91); PtK 2. Jesus Christ J 14:7; 17:3; 2 Cor 5:16 ( even though we have known Christ [irrealis, ‘contrary to fact’, is also prob.=even if we had known; cp. Gal 5:11], we now no longer know him; on this pass. s. κατά B7a; σάρξ 5); 1J 2:3f (Just., D. 28, 3). τινὰ ἔν τινι someone by someth. (Ps 47:4; Sir 11:28; TestNapht 3:4) Lk 24:35.

ⓒ w. ὅτι foll. (BGU 824, 8; Philo, Det. Pot. Ins. 22) Mt 25:24; J 6:69; 7:26; 8:52; 14:20, 31; 17:7f, 25; 19:4. W. ὅθεν preceding by this one knows (EpJer 22) 1J 2:18. ἐν τούτῳ (Gen 42:33; Ex 7:17; Josh 3:10 al.) J 13:35; 1J 2:3, 5; 4:13; 5:2. W. combination of two constr. ἐν τούτῳ γινώσκομεν ὅτι μένει ἐν ἡμῖν, ἐκ τοῦ πνεύματος by this we know that (Jesus Christ) remains in us, namely by the spirit 3:24; cp. 4:13. W. an indir. question foll. (1 Km 14:38: 25:17; 2 Km 18:29; Ps 38:5) Mt 12:7; J 7:51. W. combination of two questions (double interrogative) ἵνα γνοῖ τίς τί διεπραγματεύσατο that he might know what each one had gained in his dealings Lk 19:15.

② to acquire information through some means, learn (of), ascertain, find out

ⓐ w. acc. as obj. (1 Km 21:3; 1 Ch 21:2; 4 Macc 4:4) τοῦτο (1 Km 20:3) Mk 5:43. τὰ γενόμενα what has happened Lk 24:18. τὸ ἀσφαλές Ac 21:34; 22:30. τὰ περὶ ἡμῶν our situation Col 4:8; your faith 1 Th 3:5. Pass. become known to someone w. or without dat. of the pers. who is informed: of secret things Mt 10:26; Lk 8:17; 12:2. Of plots Ac 9:24 (cp. 1 Macc 6:3; 7:3, 30 al.).

ⓑ w. ὅτι foll. (PGiss 11, 4 [118 A.D.] γεινώσκειν σε θέλω ὅτι; 1 Esdr 2:17; Ruth 3:14) J 4:1; 5:6; 12:9; Ac 24:11 v.l.

ⓒ abs. (1 Km 14:29; 3 Km 1:11; Tob 8:12 al.) μηδεὶς γινωσκέτω nobody is to know of this Mt 9:30. ἵνα τις γνοῖ that anyone should obtain knowledge of it Mk 9:30.

ⓓ γ. ἀπό τινος ascertain fr. someone 15:45.

③ to grasp the significance or meaning of someth., understand, comprehend

ⓐ w. acc. foll. (Sir 1:6; 18:28; Wsd 5:7 v.l.; 9:13; Bar 3:9 al.; Just., A I, 63, 5; D. 68, 1 σκληροκάρδιοι πρὸς τὸ γνῶναι νοῦν … τοῦ θεοῦ): parables Mk 4:13; what was said Lk 18:34; (w. ἀναγινώσκειν in wordplay) Ac 8:30. ταῦτα J 3:10; 12:16; what one says J 8:43; God’s wisdom 1 Cor 2:8; the nature of God vs. 11; the nature of the divine spirit vs. 14; the love of Christ Eph 3:19 (s. γνῶσις 1); God’s ways Hb 3:10 (Ps 94:10); τὸν νόμον know the law J 7:49; Ro 7:1 (here perh.=have the law at one’s fingertips, cp. Menand., Sicyonius 138f, τῶν τοὺς νόμους εἰδότων; Just., D. 123, 2). πῶς οὖν [ταῦτα γιγν]ώ̣σκομεν; how then shall we know these things? Ox 1081, 25f (=SJCh 90, 1f), as read by Till p. 220 app.

ⓑ abs. Mt 24:39.

ⓒ w. ὅτι foll. (Wsd 10:12; EpJer 64; 1 Macc 6:13; 7:42; 2 Macc 7:28 al.) Mt 21:45; 24:32; Mk 12:12; 13:28f; Lk 21:30f; J 4:53; 8:27f; 2 Cor 13:6; Js 2:20.

ⓓ w. indir. question foll. (Job 19:29) J 10:6; 13:12, 28.

④ to be aware of someth., perceive, notice, realize

ⓐ w. acc.: their wickedness Mt 22:18; γ. δύναμιν ἐξεληλυθυῖαν that power had gone out Lk 8:46 (on the constr. w. the ptc. cp. PHamb 27, 13 [III B.C.]; BGU 1078 [I A.D.] γίνωσκε ἡγεμόνα εἰσεληλυθότα; POxy 1118, 7; Jos., Ant. 17, 342; Just., D. 39, 2 al.).

ⓑ abs. (Ex 22:9; 1 Km 26:12) Mt 16:8; 26:10; Mk 7:24; 8:17.

ⓒ w. ὅτι foll. (Gen 3:7; 8:11; 1 Macc 1:5 al.): ἔγνω τῷ σώματι ὅτι ἴαται she felt in her body that she was healed Mk 5:29; cp. 15:10; J 6:15; 16:19; Ac 23:6.

⑤ to have sexual intercourse with, have sex/marital relations with, euphemistic ext. of 1 (Menand., Fgm. 558, 5 Kock; Heraclid. Lembus, Pol. 64 [Aristot., Fgm. ed. VRose 1886, 383]; oft. in Plut. and other later authors, and LXX [Anz 306]) w. acc., said of a man as agent (Gen 4:1, 17; 1 Km 1:19; Jdth 16:22; ApcMos 4; Did., Gen. 143, 9) Mt 1:25 (in connection w. the topic of 1:25f see Plut., Mor. 717e; Olympiodorus, Vi. Plat. 1 [Westermann, 1850]: φάσμα Ἀπολλωνιακὸν συνεγένετο τῇ μητρὶ αὐτοῦ τῇ Περικτιόνῃ καὶ ἐν νυκτὶ φανὲν τῷ Ἀρίστωνι ἐκέλευσεν αὐτῷ μὴ μιγνύναι τῇ Περικτιόνῃ μέχρι τ. χρόνου τῆς ἀποτέξεως. Ὁ δʼ οὕτω πεποίηκεν: ‘an apparition of Apollo had relations with [Plato’s] mother Perictione, and in a nocturnal appearance to Ariston [Plato’s father] ordered him not to have intercourse w. P. until the time of her parturition. So he acted accordingly.’—The legend of Plato’s birth is traceable to Plato’s nephew Speusippus [Diog. L. 3:2; Jerome, Adv. Iovin. 1, 42]); of a woman (Judg 11:39; 21:12; Theodor. Prodr. 9, 486 H.) Lk 1:34 (DHaugg, D. erste bibl. Marienwort ’38; FGrant, JBL 59, ’40, 19f; HSahlin, D. Messias u. d. Gottesvolk, ’45, 117–20).

⑥ to have come to the knowledge of, have come to know, know (Nägeli 40 w. exx.)

ⓐ w. acc.

α. of thing (Bar 3:20, 23; Jdth 8:29; Bel 35; Just., D. 110, 1 καὶ τοῦτο γ.): τὴν ποσότητα 1 Cl 35:3; hearts (Ps 43:22) Lk 16:15; will Ro 2:18; truth (Just., D. 139, 5; Tat. 13, 1) 2J 1; 2 Cor 5:21; grace 8:9; πάντα (2 Km 14:20; Just., D. 127, 2) 1J 3:20. τὶ 1 Cor 8:2a. W. object clause preceding: ὸ̔ κατεργάζομαι οὐ γ. what I am accomplishing I really do not know Ro 7:15 (here γ. almost=desire, want, decide [Polyb. 5, 82, 1; Plut., Lycurg. 41[3, 9] ἔγνω φυγεῖν; Appian, Syr. 5 §18; Arrian, Anab. 2, 21, 8; 2, 25, 8; Paradox. Vat. 46 Keller ὅ τι ἂν γνῶσιν αἱ γυναῖκες; Jos., Ant. 1, 195; 14, 352; 16, 331]; mngs. 3 understand and 7 recognize are also prob.). W. attraction of the relative ἐν ὥρᾳ ᾗ οὐ γ. at an hour unknown to him Mt 24:50; Lk 12:46. W. acc. and ptc. (on the constr. s. 4a above) τὴν πόλιν νεωκόρον οὖσαν that the city is guardian of the temple Ac 19:35.

β. of pers. know someone (Tob 5:2; 7:4; Is 1:3) J 1:48; 2:24; 10:14f, 27; Ac 19:15; 2 Ti 2:19 (Num 16:5); Ox 1 recto, 14 (GTh 31). W. acc. and ptc. (s. α above, end and e.g. Just., A I, 19, 6) Hb 13:23.

ⓑ w. acc. and inf. (Da 4:17; Just., D. 130, 2 al.) Hb 10:34.

ⓒ w. ὅτι foll. (Sir 23:19; Bar 2:30; Tob 3:14) J 21:17; Ac 20:34; Phil 1:12; Js 1:3; 2 Pt 1:20; 3:3; γ. τοὺς διαλογισμοὺς ὅτι εἰσὶν μάταιοι he knows that the thoughts are vain 1 Cor 3:20 (Ps 93:11).—Oft. γινώσκετε, ὅτι you may be quite sure that Mt 24:33, 43; Mk 13:28f; Lk 10:11; 12:39; 21:31; J 15:18; 1J 2:29 (cp. UPZ 62, 32 [161 B.C.] γίνωσκε σαφῶς ὅτι πρός σε οὐ μὴ ἐπέλθω; 70, 14; 3 Macc 7:9; Judg 4:9; Job 36:5; Pr 24:12). In τοῦτο ἴστε γινώσκοντες, ὅτι Eph 5:5 the question is whether the two verbs are to be separated or not. In the latter case, one could point to Sym. Jer 49:22 ἴστε γινώσκοντες and 1 Km 20:3.

ⓓ w. indir. question (Gen 21:26; 1 Km 22:3; Eccl 11:5; 2 Macc 14:32; Just., A I, 63, 3 τί πατὴρ καὶ τί υἱός) Lk 7:39; 10:22; J 2:25; 11:57.

ⓔ w. adv. modifier γ. Ἑλληνιστί understand Greek Ac 21:37 (cp. X., Cyr. 7, 5; 31 ἐπίστασθαι Συριστί).

ⓕ abs. (Gen 4:9; 18:21; 4 Km 2:3; Sir 32:8) Lk 2:43. τί ἐγὼ γινώσκω; how should I know? Hs 9, 9, 1.

⑦ to indicate that one does know, acknowledge, recognize as that which one is or claims to be τινά (Plut., Ages. 597 [3, 1]; Jos., Ant. 5, 112) οὐδέποτε ἔγνων ὑμᾶς I have never recognized you Mt 7:23; cp. J 1:10. ἐὰν γνωσθῇ πλέον τ. ἐπισκόπου if he receives more recognition than the supervisor (bishop) IPol 5:2. Of God as subject recognize someone as belonging to God, choose, almost= elect (Am 3:2; Hos 12:1; SibOr 5, 330) 1 Cor 8:3; Gal 4:9. In these pass. the γ. of God directed toward human beings is conceived of as the basis of and condition for their coming to know God; cp. the language of the Pythagoreans in HSchenkl, Wiener Studien 8, 1886 p. 265, no. 9 βούλει γνωσθῆναι θεοῖς• ἀγνοήθητι μάλιστα ἀνθρώποις; p. 277 no. 92 σοφὸς ἄνθρωπος κ. θεὸν σεβόμενος γινώσκεται ὑπὸ τ. θεοῦ; Porphyr., ad Marcellam 13 σοφὸς ἄνθρωπος γινώσκεται ὑπὸ θεοῦ; Herm. Wr. 1, 31 θεός, ὸ̔ς γνωσθῆναι βούλεται καὶ γινώσκεται τοῖς ἰδίοις; 10, 15 οὐ γὰρ ἀγνοεῖ τὸν ἄνθρωπον ὁ θεός, ἀλλὰ καὶ πάνυ γνωρίζει καὶ θέλει γνωρίζεσθαι. S. Rtzst., Mysterienrel.³ 299f; Ltzm. on 1 Cor 8:3; RAC XI 446–659.—On the whole word: BSnell, D. Ausdrücke für die Begriffe des Wissens in d. vorplatonischen Philosophie 1924; EBaumann, ידע u. seine Derivate: ZAW 28, 1908, 22ff; 110ff; WBousset, Gnosis: Pauly-W. VII 1912, 1503ff; Rtzst., Mysterienrel.³ 66–70; 284–308; PThomson, ‘Know’ in the NT: Exp. 9th ser. III, 1925, 379–82; AFridrichsen, Gnosis (Paul): ELehmann Festschr. 1927, 85–109; RPope, Faith and Knowledge in Pauline and Johannine Thought: ET 41, 1930, 421–27; RBultmann, TW I ’33, 688–715; HJonas, Gnosis u. spätantiker Geist I ’34; ²’55; EPrucker, Gnosis Theou ’37; JDupont, La Connaissance religieuse dans les Épîtres de Saint Paul, ’49; LBouyer, Gnosis: Le Sens orthodoxe de l’expression jusqu’aux pères Alexandrins: JTS n.s. 4, ’53, 188–203; WDavies, Knowledge in the Dead Sea Scrolls and Mt 11:25–30: HTR 46, ’53, 113–39; WSchmithals, D. Gnosis in Kor. ’55, ³’69; MMagnusson, Der Begriff ‘Verstehen’ (esp. in Paul), ’55; RCasey, Gnosis, Gnosticism and the NT: CDodd Festschr., ’56, 52–80; IdelaPotterie, οἶδα et γινώσκω (4th Gosp.), Biblica 40, ’59, 709–25; H-JSchoeps, Urgemeinde, Judenchristentum, Gnosis ’56; EKäsemann, Das Wandernde Gottesvolk (Hb)², ’57; HJonas, The Gnostic Religion, ’58; JDupont, Gnosis, ’60; UWilckens, Weisheit u. Torheit ( 1 Cor 1 and 2) ’59; DGeorgi, Die Gegner des Pls im 2 Cor, ’64; DScholer, Nag Hammadi Bibliography, 1948–69, ’71.—B. 1209f. DELG s.v. γιγνώσκω. EDNT. M-M. TW. Sv.

ἔχω (A), [ per.] 2sg. ἔχεισθα cj. in Thgn. 1316 ( ἔχοισθα cod.), ἔχῃσθα cj. in Sapph.21 ( ἔχεισθα cod.); [ per.] 2sg. subj.

A

ἔχῃσθα Il.19.180

: [tense] impf. εἶχον, [dialect] Ep.

ἔχον Od.2.22

, al., [dialect] Ion. and poet.

ἔχεσκον Il.13.257

, Hdt.6.12, Epigr.Gr.988.6 ([place name] Balbilla): [tense] fut. ἕξω, [dialect] Ep. inf.

ἑξέμεναι Call.Aet.3.1.27

(of duration) or σχήσω (of momentary action, esp. in sense check, v. infr. A. 11.9, not found in [dialect] Att. Inscrr. or NT); [ per.] 2sg.

σχήσησθα h.Cer. 366

codd.: [tense] aor. 1 ἔσχης α f.l.in Nonn.D.17.177, also

ἔσχα IG3.1363.6

, 14.1728, [ per.] 3pl. μετ-έσχαν ib.12(7).271.12 (Amorgos, iii A.D.): [tense] aor. 2 ἔσχον, imper.

σχές S.El. 1013

, E.Hipp. 1353 (anap.) ( σχέ only in Orac. ap. Sch.E.Ph. 638 (dub.l.), sts. in compds. in codd., as

πάρασχε E.Hec. 842

,

κάτασχε Id.HF 1210

); subj.

σχῶ Il.21.309

, etc.; opt.

σχοίην Isoc. 1.45

, in compds. σχοῖμι (as

μετάσχοιμι S.OC 1484

(lyr.),

κατάσχοιμεν Th.6.11

); [ per.] 3pl.

σχοίησαν Hyp.Eux.32

,

σχοῖεν Th.6.33

; inf.

σχεῖν Il. 16.520

, etc., [dialect] Ep.

σχέμεν 8.254

(in Alexandr. Gr. [ per.] 3pl. [tense] impf. and [tense] aor. 2

εἴχοσαν AP5.208

(Posidipp. or Asclep.), v.l. in Ev.Jo.15.22,

ἔσχοσαν Scymn.695

): for the poet. form ἔσχεθον, v. Σχέθω: [tense] pf.

ἔσχηκα Pl.Lg. 765a

, εἴσχηκα in Inscrr. of iii/i B.C., SIG679.54, etc.; [dialect] Ep. ὄχωκα is dub., v. συνόχωκα:—[voice] Med., [tense] impf.

εἰχόμην Pi.P.4.244

, etc.: [tense] fut.

ἕξομαι Il.9.102

, etc.; σχήσομαι ib. 235, Ar.Av. 1335, more freq. in compds. ( ἀνα-) A.Th. 252, ( παρα-) Lys.9.8, etc.: [tense] pf. [voice] Pass. παρ-έσχημαι in med. sense, X.An.7.6.11, etc.: [tense] aor. 2

ἐσχόμην Hom.

, Hdt.6.85, rare in [dialect] Att. exc. in compds.; imper.

σχέο Il.21.379

,

σχέσθε 22.416

, later σχοῦ in compds. ( ἀνά- ) E. lon947, etc.; inf.

σχέσθαι Od.4.422

, Hes.Fr.79:—[voice] Pass., [tense] fut. [voice] Med. ἐν-έξομαι in pass. sense, E.Or. 516, D.51.11, later

σχεθήσομαι Gal.UP15.3

, freq. in compds. (συ- ) Phld.Ir.p.83 W., (ἐν- ) Plu.2.98 of, ( ἐπι-) S.E.P.1.186: [tense] aor. 1

ἐσχέθην Arr.An.5.7.4

, 6.11.2, Aret.SA2.5, (κατ-, συν-) Plu.Sol. 21, Hp.Int. 45 vulg.: [tense] fut. [voice] Med. σχήσομαι in pass. sense, Il.9.235 (dub.), 655, 13.630: [tense] aor. 2 [voice] Med. in pass. sense,

ἐσχόμην Il.17.696

, al., Hdt. 1.31 (

σχέτο Il.7.248

, 21.345), part.

σχόμενος Od.11.279

, prob. in Isoc.19.11, ( κατα-) Pi.P.1.10, Pl.Phdr. 244e, Parth.33.2 (s.v.l.): [tense] pf.

ἔσχημαι Paus.4.21.2

; also in compds., freq. written - ίσχημαι, -ήσχημαι in codd. of late authors. (I.-E. seĝh- (cf. Skt. sáhate 'overpower', Goth. sigis 'victory', Gr. ἔχ- dissim. fr. ἔχ-), reduced form sĝh-(σχ-), whence redupl. ἴσχω ( = si-sĝh-o) (q.v.): cf. ἕκ-τωρ, ἕξω, ἕξις; but hέχ- IG12.374.161, al., is a mere error (ἔχ- ib.12.116.4, 16).)

A Trans., have, hold:

I possess, of property, the most common usage, Od.2.336, 16.386, etc.; οἵ τι ἔχοντες the propertied class, Hdt.6.22; ὁ ἔχων a wealthy man, S.Aj. 157 (anap.);

οἱ ἔχοντες E.Alc.57

, Ar.Eq. 1295, Pl. 596; οἱ οὐκ ἔχοντες the poor, E.Supp. 240;

κακὸν τὸ μὴ 'χειν Id.Ph. 405

; ἔχειν χρέα to have debts due to one, D. 36.41, cf. 37.12; to have received,

θεῶν ἄπο κάλλος ἐ. h.Ven.77

;

τι ἔκ τινος S.OC 1618

;

παρά τινος Id.Aj. 663

;

πρός τινος X.An.7.6.33

, etc.;

ὑπὸ.. θεοῖσι h.Ap. 191

; πλέον, ἔλασσον ἔ.. (v. h. vv.): in [tense] aor., acquire, get,

ὄνομα E. Ion 997

: also [tense] fut.

σχήσω, δύναμιν Th.6.6

;

λέχος E.Hel.30

, cf. Pi.P.9.116:—[voice] Pass., to be possessed,

ἔντεα.. μετὰ Τρώεσσιν ἔχονται Il.18.130

, cf. 197.

2 keep, have charge of,

ἔχον πατρώϊα ἔργα Od. 2.22

;

κῆπον 4.737

;

Εἰλείθυιαι.. ὠδῖνας ἔχουσαι Il.11.271

;

πύλαι.., ἃς ἔχον Ὧραι 5.749

, 8.393;

τὰς ἀγέλας X.Cyr.7.3.7

; διαιτητῶν ἐχόντων τὰς δίκας having control of, D.47.45; to be engaged in, φυλακὰς ἔχον kept watch, Il.9.1, 471;

σκοπιὴν ἔχεν Od.8.302

;

ἀλαοσκοπιὴν εἶχε Il. 10.515

, 13.10; σκοπιὴν ἔ. τινός for a thing, Hdt.5.13;

δυσμενῶν θήραν ἔχων S.Aj. 564

, etc.; ἐν χερσὶν ἔ. τι (v. χείρ).

b metaph., of a patient, οὐκ ἔχει ἑωυτόν is not himself, Hp.Int.49.

3 c. acc. loci, inhabit,

οὐρανόν Il.21.267

;

Ὄλυμπον 5.890

; haunt, [

Νύμφαι] ἔχουσ' ὀρέων αἰπεινὰ κάρηνα Od.6.123

;

Βρόμιος ἔχει τὸν χῶρον A.Eu.24

; esp. of tutelary gods and heroes, Th.2.74, X.Cyr.8.3.24; of men,

πόλιν καὶ γαῖαν Od.6.177

, 195, etc.; Θήβας ἔσχον ( ἔσχεν codd.) ruled it, E.HF 4; ἔχεις γὰρ χῶρον occupiest it, S.OC37, cf. Od.23.46; in military sense, ἔ. τὸ δεξιόν (with or without κέρας) Th.3.107, X.An.2.1.15; of beasts,

τὰ ὄρη ἔ. Id.Cyn.5.12

.

4 have to wife or as husband (usu. without γυναῖκα, ἄνδρα)

, οὕνεκ' ἔχεις Ἑλένην καί σφιν γαμβρὸς Διός ἐσσι Od. 4.569

, cf.7.313, Il.3.53, etc.;

ἔσχε ἄλλην ἀδελφεήν Hdt.3.31

, cf. Th.2.29;

νυμφίον Call.Aet.3.1.27

; also of a lover, Th.6.54, AP5.185 (Posidipp.), etc.;

ἔχω Λαΐδα, ἀλλ' οὐκ ἔχομαι Aristipp.

ap. D.L.2.75, cf. Ath. 12.544d:—in [voice] Pass.,

τοῦ περ θυγάτηρ ἔχεθ' Ἕκτορι Il.6.398

.

5 have in one's house, entertain, Od.17.515, 20.377, h.Ven. 231, 273.

6 [tense] pres. part. with Verbs, almost, = with,

ἤϊε ἔχων ταῦτα Hdt.3.128

, cf. 2.115;

ὃς ἂν ἥκῃ ἔχων στρατόν Id.7.8

.δ', cf. X.Cyr.1.6.10.—Prose use.

7 of Place, ἐπ' ἀριστερὰ ἔ. τι keep it on one's left, i.e. to keep to the right of it, Od.3.171;

ἐπ' ἀριστερὰ χειρὸς ἔ. 5.277

; ἐν δεξιᾷ, ἐν ἀριστερᾷ ἔ., Th.3.106; τοὺς οἰκέτας ὑστάτους ἔ. X.Cyr.4.2.2: but in [tense] aor., get,

περιπλώοντες τὴν Λιβύην τὸν ἥλιον ἔσχον ἐς τὰ δεξιά Hdt.4.42

.

8 of Habits, States, or Conditions, bodily or mental,

γῆρας λυγρὸν ἔ Od.24.250

;

ἀνεκτὸν ἔχει κακόν 20.83

;

ἕλκος Il.16.517

;

λύσσαν 9.305

;

μάχην ἔ. 14.57

;

ἀρετῆς πέρι δῆριν ἔ. Od.24.515

; ὕβριν ἔ. indulge in.., 1.368, etc.; [ Ἀφροδίτην] 22.445; [

φρένας] ἔ. Il.13.394

, etc.;

βουλήν 2.344

;

τλήμονα θυμόν 5.670

;

τόνδε νόον καὶ θυμὸν ἐνὶ στήθεσσιν ἔχοντες 4.309

, cf. Od.14.490 (for later senses of νοῦν ἔχειν, v. νοῦς)

; ἄλγεα Il.5.895

, etc.;

ἄχεα θυμῷ 3.412

;

πένθος μετὰ φρεσίν 24.105

;

πένθος φρεσίν Od.7.219

;

πόνον.. καὶ ὀϊζύν Il.13.2

, Od.8.529;

οὐδὲν βίαιον Hdt.3.15

;

πρήγματα ἔ. Id.7.147

, cf. Pl.Tht. 174b, etc.: in periphrastic phrases, ποθὴν ἔ. τινός, = ποθεῖν, Il.6.362; ἐπιδευὲς ἔ. τινός, = ἐπιδεύεσθαι, 19.180; ἔ. τέλος, = τελεῖσθαι, 18.378; κότον ἔ. τινί, = κοτεῖσθαι, 13.517;

ἐπιθυμίαν τινός E.Andr. 1281

;

φροντίδα τινός Id.Med. 1301

; ἡσυχίην ἔ. keep quiet, Hdt.2.45, etc. ([tense] fut.

ἡσυχίαν ἕξειν D.47.29

, but οὐκ ἔσθ' ὅπως.. ἡ. σχήσει will not keep still for a moment, Id.1.14); αἰτίαν ἔ. to be accused, X.An.7.1.8;

ὑπό τινος A.Eu.99

(but μομφὴν ἔ., = μέμφεσθαι, E.Or. 1069, A.Pr. 445): in [tense] aor., of entering upon a state, ἔσχεν χόλον conceived anger, B. 5.104; ἔχειν τι κατά τινος have something against somebody, Ev.Matt.5.23, Ev.Marc.11.25, Apoc.2.4;

ἔχω τι πρός τινα Act.Ap.24.19

;

ἔχειν πρός τινα 2 Ep.Cor.5.12

;

ἕξει πρὸς τὸν Θεόν JRS14.85

([place name] Laodicea): —these phrases are freq. inverted,

οὓς ἔχε γῆρας Il.18.515

;

οὐδὲ Ποσειδάωνα γέλως ἔχε Od.8.344

;

ἀμηχανίη δ' ἔχε θυμόν 9.295

;

θάμβος δ' ἔχεν εἰσορόωντας Il.4.79

;

σ' αὔτως κλέος ἐσθλὸν ἔχει 17.143

;

Διὸς αἴσῃ, ἥ μ' ἕξει παρὰ νηυσί 9.609

(unless the antecedent is τιμῆς in 1.608);

ὥς σφεας ἡσυχίη τῆς πολιορκίης ἔσχε Hdt.6.135

;

ὄφρα με βίος ἔχῃ S.El. 225

(lyr.): c. dupl. acc.,

φόβος μ' ἔχει φρένας A.Supp. 379

; also of external objects,

αἴθρη ἔχει κορυφήν Od.12.76

;

μιν ἔχεν μένος ἠελίοιο 10.160

;

σε οἶνος ἔχει φρένας 18.331

; ἔχῃ βέλος ὀξὺ γυναῖκα, of a woman in travail, Il.11.269; λόγος ἔχει τινά c. inf., the story goes, that.., S.OC 1573 (lyr.); and so in later Gr., Plu.Dem.28, Ph. 1.331, Ael.VH3.14, NA5.42, Ath.13.592e;

ὡς ἡ φάτις μιν ἔχει Hdt. 7.3

, cf. 5,26, 9.78 (but also

ἔχει φάτιν Διονυσοφάνης θάψαι Μαρδόνιον Id.9.84

; [

Κλεισθένης] λόγον ἔχει τὴν Πυθίην ἀναπεῖσαι Id.5.66

); ὡς ἂν λόγος ἔχῃ πρὸς ἀνθρώπους, ὅτι .. Plu.Alex.38:—[voice] Pass.,

ἔχεσθαι κακότητι καὶ ἄλγεσι Od.8.182

;

κωκυτῷ καὶ οἰμωγῇ Il.22.409

;

ὀργῇ Hdt.1.141

;

νούσῳ Hp.Epid.5.6

;

ἀγρυπνίῃσι Hdt.3.129

;

ὑπὸ πυρετοῦ Hp.Aph.4.34

;

ὑπὸ τοῦ ὕδρωπος Id.Prorrh.2.6

,

ἐν ἀπόρῳ Th.1.25

;

ἐν συμφοραῖς Pl.R. 395e

.

9 possess mentally, understand,

ἵππων δμῆσιν Il.17.476

;

τέχνην Hes.Th. 770

;

πάντ' ἔχεις λόγον A. Ag. 582

, cf. E.Alc.51;

ἔχετε τὸ πρᾶγμα S.Ph. 789

; ἔχεις τι; do you understand? Ar.Nu. 733: imper. ἔχε attend! listen! Pl.Alc.1.109b; ἔ. οὖν ib. 129b: with imper.,

ἔχ', ἀποκάθαιρε Ar. Pax 1193

;

ἔ. νυν, ἄλειψον Id.Eq. 490

; ἔχεις τοῦτο ἰσχυρῶς; Pl.Tht. 154a; know of a thing,

μαντικῆς ὁδόν S.OT 311

; τινὰ σωτηρίαν; E.Or. 778 (troch.).

10 keep up, maintain, καναχὴν ἔχε made a rattling noise, Il.16.105, 794; βοὴν ἔχον, of flutes and lyres, 18.495.

11 involve, admit of,

τά γ' αἰσχρὰ κἀνθάδ' αἰσχύνην ἔχει E.Andr. 244

, cf. Th.1.5;

βάσανον Lys.12.31

;

ταῦτ' ἀπιστίαν, ταῦτ' ὀργὴν ἔχει D.10.44

; ἀγανάκτησιν, κατάμεμψιν, Th.2.41;

τὰ ἀόρατα νοσήματα δυσχερεστέραν ἔχει τὴν θεραπείαν Onos. 1.15

.

12 of Measure or Value,

τὸ Δαμαρέτειον.. εἶχε Ἀττικὰς δραχμὰς δέκα D.S.11.26

;

ἔχει τὸ Εὐβοϊκὸν τάλαντον Ἀλεξανδρείους δραχμὰς ἑπτακισχιλίας App.Sic.2.2

;

χοῖρος ἔχων τὸ ὕψος δύο καὶ ἡμίσους πήχεων Ptol.Euerg.9

.

b Geom., ἡ ἔχουσα τὰ κέντρα the (straight line) containing the centres, Archim.Aequil.1.6; ὁ κύκλος ἔχων τὸ πολύγωνον the circle containing (circumscribing) the polygon, Id.Sph.Cyl.1.23.

13 c. dupl.acc.,

Ὀρφέα ἄνακτ' ἔχειν E.Hipp. 953

;

Ζῆν' ἔχειν ἐπώμοτον S.Tr. 1188

;

παιδιὰν ἔ. τὸν ἐκείνου θάνατον Seleuc.

Alex. ap. Ath.4.155e.

II hold:

1 hold, ἔ. χερσίν, ἐν χερσίν, μετὰ χερσίν, etc., v. χείρ; μετὰ γαμφηλῇσιν ἔ. Il.13.200; πρόσθεν ἔ. ἀσπίδα ib. 157; ὑψοῦ, πασάων ὑπέρ, ὄπιθεν κάρη ἔ., 6.509, Od.6.107, Il. 23.136; ἔ. τινί τι to hold it for him, as his helper, 9.209, 13.600; uphold,

οὐρανὸν.. κεφαλῇ τε καὶ ἀκαμάτῃσι χέρεσσι Hes.Th. 517

, 746; ἔχει δέ τε κίονας of Atlas, Od.1.53;

ἐπ' ὤμων πατέρα S.Fr.

373.

2 hold fast, χειρὸς ἔχων Μενέλαον holding him by the hand, Il.4.154, cf. 16.763, 11.488 (v. infr. C.I); ἔ. τινὰ μέσον grip one by the middle, of wrestlers, Ar.Nu. 1047;

ἔχομαι μέσος Id.Ach. 571

, cf. Eq. 388, Ra. 469: metaph., ἔ. φρεσί keep in one's mind, Il.2.33;

νῷ ἔ. τινά Pl.Euthphr.2b

, cf. R. 490a.

3 of arms and clothes, bear, wear,

εἷμα δ' ἔχ' ἀμφ' ὤμοισι Il.18.538

, cf. 595;

παρδαλέην ὤμοισιν ἔ. 3.17

;

σάκος ὤμῳ 14.376

;

κυνέην κεφαλῇ Od.24.231

;

τάδε εἵματ' ἔχω 17.24

, cf. 573, etc.;

στολὴν ἀμφὶ σῶμα E.Hel. 554

, cf. X.Cyr.1.4.26, etc.; πολιὰς ἔχω I am grey-haired, Aeschin.1.49: abs., as a category, Arist.Cat. 2a3.

4 of a woman, to be pregnant, Hdt.5.41, Hp.Epid.4.21, Arist.Pol. 1335b18; in full

ἐν γαστρὶ ἔ. Hdt.3.32

; also

πρὸς ἑωυτῇ ἔχειν Hp.Epid.1.26

.ιγ.

b παῖδα ἔσχεν she had, i.e. bore, a child, Nic.Dam.11 J.

5 support, sustain, esp. an attack, c. acc. pers., Il.13.51, 20.27; cf. B.I.1, C. 111.

6 hold fast, keep close, ὀχῆες εἶχον [πύλας] 12.456;

θύρην ἔχε μοῦνος ἐπιβλής 24.453

.

7 enclose,

φρένες ἧπαρ ἔχουσι Od.9.301

;

σάρκας τε καὶ ὀστέα ἶνες ἔ. 11.219

;

τοὺς δ' ἄκραντος ἔχει νύξ A.Ch.65

(lyr.); of places, contain,

θηρῶν οὓς ὅδ' ἔχει χῶρος S.Ph. 1147

(lyr.), cf. X.Cyn.5.4; [

τεῖχος] νῆας ἐντὸς ἔχον Il.12.8

;

ὅσσους Κρήτη ἐντὸς ἔχει h.Ap.30

.

8 hold or keep in a certain direction, ὀϊστὸν ἔχε aimed it, Il.23.871; more fully

χεῖράς τε καὶ ἔγχεα.. ἀντίον ἀλλήλων 5.569

; of horses or ships, guide, drive, steer,

πεδίονδ' ἔχον ὠκέας ἵππους 3.263

, cf. 11.760;

φόβονδε 8.139

;

τῇ ῥα.. ἔχον ἵππους 5.752

, etc.;

παρὲξ ἔχε δίφρον Hes.Sc. 352

;

ὅπῃ ἔσχες.. εὐεργέα νῆα Od.9.279

;

παρὰ τὴν ἤπειρον ἔ. νέας Hdt.6.95

, etc.: abs., τῇ ῥ' ἔχε that way he held his course, Il.16.378, cf. 23.422; Πύλονδ' ἔχον I held on to Pylos, Od.3.182, cf. S.El. 720: metaph.,

ἐπὶ ῥητορείαν ἔσχε Hsch.Mil.

(?)ap.Sch.Pl.R. 600c; also (esp. in [tense] fut. σχήσω, [tense] aor. 2 ἔσχον), put in, land,

νέες ἔσχον ἐς τὴν Ἀργολίδα χώρην Hdt. 6.92

;

σχεῖν πρὸς τὴν Σαλαμῖνα Id.8.40

; ἐς Φειάν, τῷ Δήλῳ, κατὰ τὸ Ποσειδώνιον, Th.2.25,3.29, 4.129;

τάχ' οὖν τις ἄκων ἔσχε S.Ph. 305

; ποῖ σχήσειν δοκεῖς; Ar.Ra. 188; ἔχε.. ἀρὰν ἐπ' ἄλλοις point it against others, S.Ph. 1119 (lyr.); ὄμμ' ἔ. to turn or keep one's eye fixed, Id.Aj. 191 (lyr.);

ἐπὶ ἔργῳ θυμὸν ἔ. Hes.Op. 445

;

ἄλλοσ' ὄμμα θητέρᾳ δὲ νοῦν ἔ. S.Tr. 272

;

τὸν δὲ νοῦν ἐκεῖσ' ἔχει E.Ph. 360

; δεῦρο νοῦν ἔχε attend to this, Id.Or. 1181; πρός τινα or πρός τι τὸν νοῦν ἔ., Th.3.22, 7.19; so

πρός τινα τὴν γνώμην ἔ. Id.3.25

.

9 hold in, stay, keep back,

ἵππους Il.4.302

, 16.712; check, stop, [ τινα] 23.720, etc. ( σχήσω is usu. [tense] fut. in this sense,

τὸ πεπρωμένον οὐ σιδάρεον σχήσει τεῖχος Pi.Fr. 232

, cf. Il.11.820, Ar.Lys. 284, D.19.272, but

ἕξω Il.13.51

); χεῖρας ἔχων Ἀχιλῆος holding his hands, 18.33; but οὐ σχήσει χεῖρας will not stay his hands, Od.22.70; ἔ. [δάκρυον] 16.191; ἔ. ὀδύνας allay, assuage them, Il.11.848;

ἔσχε κῦμα Od.5.451

;

σιγῇ μῦθον 19.502

(so

εἶχε σιγῇ καὶ ἔφραζε οὐδενί Hdt.9.93

);

ἐν φρεσὶ μῦθον Od.15.445

; στόμα σῖγα, ἐν ἡσυχίᾳ, E.Hipp. 660, Fr.773.61 (lyr.);

πόδα Id.IT 1159

; πόδα ἔξω or ἐκτός τινος ἔχειν, v. πούς:—[voice] Pass.,

οὖρα σχεθέντα Aret.SA 2.5

.

10 keep away from, c. gen.rei, τινὰ ἀγοράων, νεῶν, Il.2.275, 13.687;

γόων S.El. 375

;

φόνου E.HF 1005

: c.inf.,

ἦ τινα.. σχήσω ἀμυνέμεναι Il.17.182

; stop, hinder from doing,

τοῦ μὴ καταδῦναι X. An.3.5.11

, cf. HG4.8.5;

ἔσχον μὴ κτανεῖν E.Andr. 686

, cf. Hdt.1.158, etc.;

μὴ οὐ τάδ' ἐξειπεῖν E.Hipp. 658

; ὥστε μή .. X.An.3.5.11;

τὸ μὴ ἀδικεῖν A.Eu. 691

, cf. Hdt.5.101: also c. part.,

ἔ. τινὰ βουθυτοῦντα S.OC 888

(troch.);

μαργῶντα E.Ph. 1156

.

11 keep back, withhold a thing,

ὅς οἱ χρήματα εἶχε βίῃ Od.15.231

, cf. D.30.14;

Ἕκτορ' ἔχει.. οὐδ' ἀπέλυσεν Il.24.115

, cf. 136; αὐτὸς ἔχε pray keep it, a civil form of declining, E.Cyc. 270.

12 hold in guard, keep safe, Il.24.730; of armour, protect, 22.322.

13 with predicate, keep in a condition or place,

εἶχον ἀτρέμας σφέας αὐτούς Hdt.9.54

, cf. 53, Ar.Th. 230;

ἔ. ἑωυτοὺς κατ' οἴκους Hdt.3.79

;

σαυτὸν ἐκποδών A.Pr. 346

, cf. X.Cyr.6.1.37;

σῖγα νάπη φύλλ' εἶχε E.Ba. 1085

;

τοὺς στρατιώτας πολὺν χρόνον πειθομένους ἔ. X.Cyr.7.2.11

.

14 hold, consider,

τινὰ θέᾳ ἰκέλαν Sapph. Supp.25.3

(dub.), cf. E.Supp. 164;

τινὰ ὡς προφήτην Ev.Matt.14.5

;

τινὰ ὅτι προφήτης ἦν Ev.Marc.11.32

;

ἔχε με παρῃτημένον Ev.Luc.14.18

, cf.POxy.292.6 (i A.D.).

III c.inf., have means or power to do, to be able, c. [tense] aor. inf., Il.7.217, 16.110, etc.: c. [tense] pres. inf., Od.18.364, etc.;

πόλλ' ἂν λέγειν ἔχοιμι S.Ph. 1047

: sts. with inf. omitted or supplied from context, ἀλλ' οὔ πως ἔτι εἶχε he could not, Il.17.354; οἷά κ' ἔχωμεν so far as we be able, Od.15.281;

ἐξ οἵων ἔχω S.El. 1379

;

ὅσον εἶχες E.IA 1452

;

ὡς ἔχω Id.Hec. 614

.

b have to face, be obliged,

παθεῖν Porph. Chr.63

;

εἰ ἕξω βλαβῆναι Astramps.Orac.p.5

H.;

βάπτισμα ἔχω βαπτισθῆναι Ev.Luc.12.50

.

2 after Hom., οὐκ ἔχω, folld. by a dependent clause, I know not..,

οὐκ εἶχον τίς ἂν γενοίμαν A.Pr. 905

, cf. Isoc.12.130;

οὐδ' ἔχω πῶς με χρὴ.. ἀφανίσαι S.OC 1710

;

οὐκ ἔχων ὅ τι χρὴ λέγειν X.Cyr.1.4.24

;

οὐκ ἔχω ποῖ πέσω S.Tr. 705

;

ὅπως μολούμεθ' οὐκ ἔχω Id.OC 1743

; the two constructions combined,

οὐ γὰρ εἴχομεν οὔτ' ἀντιφωνεῖν οὔθ' ὅπως.. πράξαιμεν Id.Ant. 270

.

IV impers. c. acc., there is.. (as in Mod. Gr.),

ἔχει δὲ φυλακτήριον πρὸς τὸ μή σε καταπεσεῖν PMag.Par.1.2505

, cf. 1262, 1840.

B intrans., hold oneself, i.e. keep, so and so, ἔχον [οὕτως], ὥς τε τάλαντα γυνή (sc. ἔχει) kept balanced, like the scales which.., Il.12.433; ἕξω δ' ὡς ὅτε τις στερεὴ λίθος I will keep unmoved, as a stone.., Od.19.494, cf. Il.13.679, 24.27;

νωλεμέως ἐχέμεν 5.492

; ἔγχος ἔχ' ἀτρέμας it kept still, 13.557; σχὲς οὗπερ εἶ keep where thou art, S.OC 1169;

ἕξειν κατὰ χώραν Ar.Ra. 793

, cf. Hdt.6.42, X.Oec.10.10; διὰ φυλακῆς ἔχοντες to keep on their guard, Th.2.81; ἔχε ἠρέμα keep still, Pl.Cra. 399e, etc.; ἔχε δή stay now, Id.Prt. 349e, Grg. 460a, etc.;

ἔχ' αὐτοῦ D.45.26

.

2 hold fast,

οὐδέ οἱ ἔσχεν ὀστέον Il.16.740

; cf. A.11.

3 c. gen., keep from,

πολέμου Th.1.112

(cf. c. IV).

4 with Preps., to be engaged or busy,

ἀμφί τι A.Th. 102

(lyr.), X.An.5.2.26, etc.;

περί τινας Id.HG7.4.28

.

II simply, be,

ἑκὰς εἶχον Od.12.435

;

ἔ. κατ' οἴκους Hdt.6.39

;

περὶ πολλῶν ἔ. πρηγμάτων Id.3.128

; ἀγῶνα διὰ πάσης ἀγωνίης ἔχοντα consisting in.., Id.2.91;

ἔ. ἐν ἀνάγκαισι E.Ba. 88

(lyr.);

ὅπου συμφορᾶς ἔχεις Id.El. 238

;

ἐκποδὼν ἔχειν Id.IT 1226

, etc.

2 freq. with Advbs. of manner,

εὖ ἔχει Od.24.245

, etc.; καλῶς ἔχει, κακῶς ἔχει, it is, is going on well or ill, v. καλός, κακός (but [tense] fut. σχήσειν καλῶς will turn out well, D.1.9, cf. 18.45;

εὖ σχήσει S.Aj. 684

); οὕτως.. σχεῖν to turn out, happen thus, Pl.Ap. 39b; οὕτως ἔχει so the case stands, Ar.Pl. 110; οὕτως ἐχόντων, Lat. cum res ita se habeant, X.An.3.2.10;

ὡς ὧδ' ἐχόντων S.Aj. 981

;

οὕτω χρὴ διὰ στέρνων ἔχειν Id.Ant. 639

;

οὕτως ἔ. περί τινος X.Mem.4.8.7

, cf. Hdt.6.16;

πρός τι D. 9.45

;

τῇδ' ἔ. S.Ph. 1336

;

κοσμίως ἔ. Ar.Th. 854

;

ἥδιον ἔ. πρός τινας D.9.63

; ὡς εἶχε just as he was, Hdt.1.114;

ὥσπερ εἶχε Th.1.134

, X. HG4.1.30; ὡς ἔχω how I am, Ar.Lys. 610;

ὥσπερ ἔχομεν Th.3.30

;

τἀναντία εἶχεν D.9.41

; ἀσφαλέως, ἀναγκαίως ἔχει, = ἀσφαλές, ἀναγκαῖόν ἐστι, Hdt.1.86,9.27; καλῶς ἔχει no, I thank you, v. καλός.

b c. gen. modi, εὖ ἔ. τινός to be well off for a thing, abound in it; καλῶς ἔ. μέθης to be well off for drink, i.e. to be pretty well drunk, Hdt. 5.20; σπόρου ἀνακῶς ἐ. to be busy with sowing, Id.8.109; εὖ ἐ. φρενῶν, σώματος, E.Hipp. 462, Pl.R. 404d;

εὖ ὥρας ἔχον χωρίον Poll.5.108

; cf. ἥκω; so ὡς ποδῶν εἶχον as fast as they could go, Hdt.6.116, 9.59;

ὡς τάχεος εἶχε ἕκαστος Id.8.107

;

ὡς.. τις εὐνοίας ἢ μνήμης ἔχοι Th.1.22

;

ὡς ὀργῆς ἔχω S.OT 345

, cf. E.Hel. 313, 857, etc.; πῶς ἔχεις δόξης; Pl.R. 456d;

οὕτω τρόπου ἔχεις X.Cyr.7.5.56

;

μετρίως ἔ. βίου Hdt.1.32

;

ὑγιεινῶς ἔ. αὐτὸς αὑτοῦ καὶ σωφρόνως Pl.R. 571d

;

οὐκ εὖ σεαυτοῦ τυγχάνεις ἔχων Philem.4.11

: also c. acc.,

εὖ ἔ. τὸ σῶμα καὶ τὴν ψυχήν Pl.Grg. 464a

, cf. X.Oec.21.7: c. dat.,

οὕτως ἐχόντων τούτων τῇ φύσει D.18.315

;

πῶς ἔχετε ταῖς διανοίαις Lycurg.75

;

τῇ λέξει κακῶς ἔ. Isoc.9.10

.

III of direction, hold or turn towards, v. supr. A.11.8.

2 stand up, jut out,

κίονες ὑψόσ' ἔχοντες Od.19.38

;

δι' ὤμου ἔγχος ἔσχεν Il.13.520

.

3 lead towards,

ὁδοὶ ἐπὶ τὸν ποταμὸν ἔ. Hdt.1.180

, cf. 191, 2.17; ἔ. εἴς τι to be directed, point towards,

ἔχθρης ἐχούσης ἐς Ἀθηναίους Id.5.81

; τὸ ἐς τοὺς Ἀργείους ἔχον what concerns them, Id.6.19; ταῦτα ἐς τὴν ἀπόστασιν ἔχοντα ib.2, etc.; of Place, extend, reach to,

ἐπ' ὅσον ἔποψις τοῦ ἱροῦ εἶχε Id.1.64

.

4 ἐπί τινι ἔ. have hostile feelings to wards.., Id.6.49, S.Ant. 987 (lyr.).

IV after Hom., ἔχω as auxiliary, c. [tense] aor. part. giving a perfect sense,

κρύψαντες ἔχουσι Hes.Op.42

;

ἀποκληΐσας ἔχεις Hdt.1.37

;

ἐγκλῄσασ' ἔχει Ar.Ec. 355

, cf. Th. 706; freq. in S.,

θαυμάσας ἔχω OC 1140

, cf. Ant.22, al.: also in late Prose,

ἀναλώσας ἔχεις Aristid. Or.18(20).1

;

ὅς σφε νῦν ἀτιμάσας ἔχει E.Med.33

: less freq. c. [tense] pf. part., S.OT 701, Ph. 600, X.An.1.3.14,4.7.1: rarely c. [tense] pres. part.,

πατρίδα καταστένουσ' ἔχεις E.Tr. 318

(lyr.), cf. X.Cyn.10.11.

2 part. ἔχων, with [tense] pres., adds a notion of duration to that of present action, τί κυπτάζεις ἔ.; why do you keep poking about there? Ar.Nu. 509; τί δῆτα διατρίβεις ἔ.; why then keep wasting time? Id.Ec. 1151; τί γὰρ ἕστηκ' ἔ.; ib. 853, cf. Th. 473, 852: without interrog., φλυαρεῖς ἔ., ἔ. φλυαρεῖς, you keep chattering, Pl.Grg. 490e, Euthd. 295c;

κακοῦν ἔχοντ' αὐτὸν ἀποκτιννύναι D.23.35

(and so possibly

ἐνεργεῖ ἔ. Arist.Metaph. 1072b23

);

παίσδεις ἔ. Theoc.14.8

: so in later Prose,

παίζεις ἔ. Luc. Icar.24

; but ῥιπτεῖς ἔ.; do you throw away the prize when it is in your grasp? Aristid.1.443 J.

C [voice] Med., hold oneself fast, cling closely,

τῷ προσφὺς ἐχόμην Od. 12.433

, cf. Il.1.513, etc.;

πρὸς ἀλλήλῃσιν Od.5.329

: mostly c. gen., hold on by, cling to, [ πέτρης] ib. 429;

χερσὶν ἀώτου 9.435

;

βρετέων A. Th.98

(lyr.);

ἑξόμεσθάσου Ar.Pl. 101

; τῆς πληγῆς ἔχ εται claps his hand on the place struck, D.4.40.

2 metaph., cleave, cling to,

ἔργου Hdt. 8.11

, X.HG7.2.19;

γεωργίας BGU7.6

(iii A.D.);

τῶν πραγμάτων Jul. Or.1.19a

; βιοτᾶς, ἐλπίδος, E. Ion 491, Fr. 409;

τῆς αὐτῆς γνώμης Th.1.140

; lay hold on, take advantage of,

τῶν ἀγαθῶν ἔχεο Thgn.32

;

προφάσιος ἔχεσθαι Hdt.6.94

; fasten upon, attack, D.18.79; lay claim to,

ἀμφοτέρων τῶν ἐπωνυμιέων Hdt.2.17

; to be zealous for, [ μάχης] S.OC 424;

ἀληθείας Pl.Lg. 709c

;

κοινῇ τῆς σωτηρίας X.An.6.3.17

, etc.

3 come next to, follow closely, ib.1.8.4;

ἕπεσθαι ἐχομένους ὅτι μάλιστα τῶν ἁρμάτων Id.Cyr.7.1.9

; of peoples or places, to be close, border on, c. gen., Hdt.4.169, Th.2.96, etc.; freq. in part., τὴν ἐχομένην [τῶν νεωρίων] στοάν Aen. Tact.11.3; οἱ ἐ. the neighbouring people, Hdt.1.134; ὁ ἐχόμενος the next man, Aen.Tact.22.27; of Time, τὸ ἐχόμενον ἔτος the next year, Th.6.3;

ὁ ἐ. διαλογισμός PRev.Laws 16.15

(iii B.C.); τὰ ἐχόμενα τούτοις what follows, Pl.Grg. 494e (without

τούτοις Isoc.6.29

).

4 depend,

ἔκ τινος Od.6.197

, 11.346: c. gen.,

σέο δ' ἕξεται Il.9.102

.

b to be connected with by etymology,

τὸ θύειν τοῦ θυμιᾶν εἴχετο Porph.Abst.2.59

.

5 pertain to,

ὅσα ἔχεται τῶν αἰσθήσεων Pl.Lg. 661b

;

ἃ διδασκάλων εἴχετο Id.Prt. 319e

;

ὅσα τέχνης ἔχεται Id.Men. 94b

, etc.: esp. in Hdt. in periphrases, τὰ τῶν ὀνειράτων, καρπῶν ἐχόμενα, 1.120, 193;

ὀρνίθων ἢ ἰχθύων 2.77

; σιτίων, ἐσθῆτος, 3.25,66.

II bear or hold for oneself, κρήδεμνα ἄντα παρειάων σχομένη before her cheeks, Od.1.334; ἀσπίδα πρόσθ' ἔσχετο his shield, Il.12.294, cf. 298, 20.262.

III maintain oneself, hold one's ground, 12.126;

ἔχεο κρατερῶς 16.501

.

2 c. acc., keep off from oneself, repel, 17.639 (unless σχήσεσθαι is [voice] Pass., cf. 9.235).

IV keep oneself back, abstain or refrain from, ἀϋτῆς, μάχης, 2.98, 3.84;

βίης Od.4.422

;

ἐχώμεθα δηϊοτῆτος ἐκ βελέων Il.14.129

;

τῆς ἀγωγῆς Hdt.6.85

;

τῆς τιμωρίης Id.7.169

;

τῶν ἀθίκτων S.OT 891

(lyr., s.v.l.): c.inf., A.R.1.328;

οὐκ ἂν ἐσχόμην τὸ μὴ ἀποκλῇσαι S.OT 1387

; κακῶν ἄπο χεῖρας ἔχεσθαι to keep one's hands from ill, Od.22.316;

Μενέλεω σχέσθαι χέρα E.Rh. 174

: abs., σχέο, σχέσθε, hold! cease! Il.21.379, 22.416.

V [voice] Pass. of

ἔχω B. 1

, ἐπὶ ξυροῦ ἀκμῆς ἔχεται ἡμῖν τὰ πρήγματα are balanced on.., Hdt.6.11.

------------------------------------

ἔχω (B),

A bear, carry, bring, imper.

ϝεχέτω Schwyzer 686.24

(Pamphyl., iv B. C.): [ per.] 3sg. [tense] aor. 1

ἔϝεξε

brought as an offering,

Inscr.Cypr. 66

H. (Cf. Skt. váhati, Lat. veho, Γαιάϝοχος.)

αἰσθάνομαι fut. αἰσθήσῃ Pr 24:14, αἰσθηθήσεσθε Is 33:11, αἰσθανθήσεται 49:26; 2 aor. ᾐσθόμην, subj. αἴσθωμαι (Aeschyl.+).

① to be aware of someth. by means of the senses, notice (Cleanthes [s. 2, end]; Appian, Liby. 120 §568; TestJud 15:1; Tat. 17, 4) Dg 2:8 (cp. EpJer 19; 23).

② to have the capacity to discern and therefore understand what is not readily comprehensible, understand (X., Cyr. 1, 5, 4 al.; Pr 17:10; 24:14; Ar.; Iren. 1, 4, 1 [Harv. I 32, 7]) ῥῆμα Lk 9:45 (opp. ἀγνοέω). γνώμην B 2:9. W. ὅτι foll. (Ar. 12, 8; Dio Chrys. 52 [69], 2; Is 49:26) 6:18. αἰσθάνεσθε (you) notice w. indir. quest. foll. (Epict. 1, 6, 41; 3, 23, 16) 11:8; cp. 13:3.—Both meanings are included by Cleanthes [IV/III B.C.] Stoic. 1, p. 136, 1 (in Diog. L. 7, 172) in wordplay when he says to his pupil: οὐκ αἰσθάνομαι, ὅτι αἰσθάνῃ; ‘(Why, then, do) I not apprehend that you comprehend?’—B. 1020. DELG s.v. 1. ἀί̈ω. M-M. TW. Sv.

καταλαμβάνω (s. λαμβάνω; Hom.+) 2 aor. κατέλαβον; pf. κατείληφα. Mid.: fut. καταλήψομαι LXX; 2 aor. κατελαβόμην. Pass.: fut. 3 pl. καταλη(μ)θήσονται (PsSol 15:9); 1 aor. κατελήμφθην Phil 3:12 (B-D-F §101 p. 53 s.v. λαμβ.; Mlt-H. 246f s.v. λαμβ.; on the form κατειλήφθη J 8:4 in the older NT editions s. W-S. §12, 1); pf. 3 sg. κατείληπται, ptc. κατειλημμένος. Gener. ‘to seize, lay hold of’ (of forceful seizure Plut., Cleom. 806 [4, 2]; POxy 1101, 26; PsSol 8:19)

① to make someth. one’s own, win, attain, act. and pass. (Diog. L. 5, 12 καταλαμβάνω means ‘come into possession of an inheritance’); abs. (though τὸ βραβεῖον is to be supplied fr. the context) of the winning of a prize 1 Cor 9:24. As a result of διώκειν (cp. Diod S 17, 73, 3 ἐπιδιώκων … τὸν Δαρεῖον … καταλαβών; Sir 11:10 ἐὰν διώκῃς, οὐ μὴ καταλάβῃς; 27:8) Phil 3:12a, 13: Χριστόν, corresp. to κατελήμφθην ὑπὸ Χριστοῦ Ἰ. vs. 12b. δικαιοσύνην Ro 9:30. ἐπίγνωσιν πατρός Dg 10:1 cj (vGebhardt for καὶ λάβῃς). The pass. is found in the mng. make one’s own in the ending of Mark in the Freer ms. 3 (KHaacker, ZNW 63, ’72, 125–29).—This may also be the mng. of κ. in J 1:5 ἡ σκοτία αὐτὸ (=τὸ φῶς) οὐ κατέλαβεν (-λαμβάνει Tat. 13, 1; cp. Arrian., An. Alex. 1, 5, 10 εἰ νὺξ αὐτοὺς καταλήψεται ‘if the night would overtake them’; here preceded in 1, 5, 9 by k. in the sense ‘occupy’ of positions above a plain; s. Wetstein on J 1:5 and 2b below) the darkness did not grasp it (Hdb. ad loc.; so also Bultmann, and similarly JDyer, JBL 79, ’60, 70f: appreciate), in which case grasp easily passes over to the sense comprehend (the act. [for the mid. in the same sense s. 4a below] has the latter sense in Pla., Phdr. 250d; Polyb. 8, 4, 6; Dionys. Hal. 5, 46, 3; PTebt 15, 5; 38, 18; EpArist 1; Aristobul. [Eus., PE 8, 10, 10 and 17=Denis 219, 18 and 221, 5/Holladay p. 140, 2f and 148, 3]; Philo, Mut. Nom. 4; Jos., Vi. 56). Most Greek commentators since Origen take κ. here as overcome, suppress (Hdt. 1, 46 κ. τινῶν αὐξανομένην τὴν δύναμιν; 1, 87 τὸ πῦρ; WNagel, ZNW 50, ’59, 132–37). So Goodsp. put out (Probs. 93f). But perh. J intended to include both mngs. here (so FGingrich, ClW 37, ’43, 77), and some such transl. as master would suggest this (so MSmith, JBL 64, ’45, 510f).

② to gain control of someone through pursuit, catch up with, seize

ⓐ of authority figures catch up with, overtake (Hdt. 1:63 τοὺς φεύγοντας; Polyb. 1:47; Gen. 31:23; Judg 18:22; PsSol 15:8) διωκόμενοι κατελήμφθησαν they were pursued and overtaken AcPl Ha 11, 18.

ⓑ mostly of varieties of evil seize w. hostile intent, overtake, come upon (Hom.+; oft. LXX; TestSol 2:4 D; Wetstein and Zahn [comm.] on J 1:5 for other exx.; s. also SIG 434/5, 14) μὴ ἡμᾶς καταλάβῃ κακά lest evil overtake us (cp. Gen 19:19; Num 32:23) 2 Cl 10:1; cp. B 4:1. Of a hostile divinity ὅπου ἐὰν αὐτὸν καταλάβῃ wherever it seizes him (the sick man) Mk 9:18.

ⓒ esp. used of night, evening, darkness coming upon a pers. (Dionys. Hal. 2, 51, 3 ἑσπέρα γὰρ αὐτοὺς κατέλαβεν; Lucian, Tox. 31; 52; Philo, De Jos. 145; Jos., Ant. 5, 61 καταλαβοῦσα νύξ, Vi. 329 [GrBar 9:1]. But the thought in these instances is not necessarily always that of night as something hostile to humans in general. κ. can also mean simply ‘arrive’, ‘come on’, as in numerous exx. cited by Wetstein [above]; s. also Dionys. Hal. 10, 56, 1 ἐπεὶ κατέλαβεν ὁ τ. ἀρχαιρεσιῶν καιρός; Strabo 3, 1, 5; Jos., Ant. 4, 78) GJs 14:1 κατέλαβεν (-ἐβαλεν pap) αὐτὸν νύξ; J 6:17 v.l. σκοτία. In imagery, w. sugg. of sense in 2b: 12:35.

③ to come upon someone, with implication of surprise, catch

ⓐ of moral authorities catch, detect (PLille 3, 58 [III B.C.]; Just., D. 47, 5 [noncanonical dominical saying]; PRyl 138, 15. Esp. of the detection of adultery Epict. 2, 4, 1; BGU 1024 III, 11; Sus 58) τινὰ ἐπί τινι someone in someth. ἐπὶ μοιχείᾳ in adultery (Diod S 10, 20, 2 ἐπὶ μοιχείᾳ κατειλημμένη) J 8:3 a woman caught in the act of adultery. Pass. (Just., A I, 47, 6) w. ptc. indicating the punishable act ἐπʼ αὐτοφώρῳ μοιχουομένη in the act of committing adultery vs. 4.

ⓑ of a thief: in imagery of the coming of ‘the day’, unexpected by the ‘children of darkness’ and fraught w. danger for them 1 Th 5:4.

④ to process information, understand, grasp

ⓐ learn about someth. through process of inquiry, mid. grasp, find, understand (Dionys. Hal. 2, 66, 6; Sext. Emp., Math. 7, 288; Vett. Val. 225, 8; TestJob 37:6 τὰ βάθη τοῦ κυρίου al.; Philo, Mos. 1, 278; Jos., Ant. 8, 167; Tat. 4:2 [on Ro 1:20]; Ath. 5, 2; 24, 2) w. acc. and inf. Ac 25:25. W. ὅτι foll. 4:13; 10:34. W. indirect discourse foll. Eph 3:18.

ⓑ on J 1:5 s. 1 and 2 above.—B. 701; 1207. M-M. TW.

πῶς (Hom.+)

① interrog. reference to manner or way, in what way? how?

ⓐ in direct questions

α. to determine how someth. has come to be, how someth. is happening, or should happen; w. indic. how? in what way? πῶς ἔσται τοῦτο; Lk 1:34. πῶς ἀναγινώσκεις; 10:26; cp. the indirect qu. Mk 12:26 (s. b, below). πῶς οὖν ἠνεῴχθησάν σου οἱ ὀφθαλμοί; J 9:10.—3:4, 9; 9:26; Ro 4:10 (π. οὖν); 1 Cor 15:35 (cp. 1 Ch 13:12); B 5:5 (π. οὖν); IEph 19:2 (π. οὖν); Hm 3:3 (π. οὖν); GJs 17:11 AcPl Ha 5, 3. In ref. to the content of a document πῶς ἀναγινώσκεις; what do you read?=‘What does it say?’ Lk 10:26 (s. HLjungvik, Eranos 62, ’64, 31); πῶς γέγραπται; What does it say (about the Messiah)? GJs 21:2 (codd.). W. the special mng. with what right? with what evidence? in what sense? πῶς λέγουσιν οἱ γραμματεῖς ὅτι ὁ Χριστὸς υἱὸς Δαυίδ ἐστιν; Mk 12:35.—Mt 22:43 (π. οὖν), 45; Lk 20:41, 44 (cp. Gen 39:9); J 12:34 (GrBar 10:8).—γέγραπται Mk 9:12.

β. in questions indicating surprise how is it (possible) that? I do not understand how (Manetho[?] in Jos., C. Ap. 259 a series of questions expressing surprise, introduced again and again by πῶς; Lucian, Deor. Conc. 10 πῶς φέρεις; TestAbr B 6 p. 110, 12f [Stone p. 68]) πῶς παρʼ ἐμοῦ πεῖν αἰτεῖς; J 4:9.—7:15; Ac 2:8; Gal 4:9. W. οὖν J 9:19; AcPl Ha 10, 9. W. a neg. (Isocr. 6, 4) πῶς οὐ νοεῖτε; how is it possible that you don’t understand? Mt 16:11; Mk 8:21 v.l. πῶς οὐκ ἔχετε πίστιν; how is it that you have no faith? Mk 4:40 v.l. πῶς οὐ συνίετε; 8:21 v.l. Cp. Lk 12:56.

γ. in questions denoting disapproval or rejection with what right? how dare you? πῶς ἐρεῖς τῷ ἀδελφῷ σου; Mt 7:4 (πῶς ἐρεῖς as Jer 2:23). πῶς εἰσῆλθες ὧδε; how is it that you are bold enough to come in here? 22:12. πῶς σὺ λέγεις; how can you say? (cp. Job 33:12; TestAbr B 10 p. 115, 4 [Stone p. 78, 4]) J 14:9.—Lk 6:42; what does he mean by saying? J 6:42; 8:33; 1 Cor 15:12; Gal 2:14.

δ. in rhetorical questions that call an assumption into question or reject it altogether how (could or should)?=by no means, it is impossible that (Job 25:4; Ar. 3, 2 al; Just., D. 51, 2 al.; Tat., 4, 2; Ath. 16, 4; 19, 2) πῶς (οὖν) σταθήσεται ἡ βασιλεία αὐτοῦ; Mt 12:26; Lk 11:18. Cp. Mt 12:29, 34; Mk 3:23; 4:13; J 3:12; 5:44, 47; 6:52; 9:16; 14:5 (KBeyer, Semitische Syntax im NT, ’62, 94f). ἐπεὶ πῶς κρινεῖ ὁ θεὸς τὸν κόσμον; otherwise (i.e. if he were unjust) it would be impossible for God to judge the world Ro 3:6. Cp. 6:2; 1 Cor 14:7, 9, 16; 1 Ti 3:5; Hb 2:3; 1J 3:17; 4:20 v.l.; B 5:10; MPol 9:3; Hv 3, 9, 10.—If πῶς is accompanied by a neg., the ‘impossible’ becomes most surely, most certainly (Hyperid. 3, 35; 5, 15; Pr 15:11 πῶς οὐχί; EpArist 149; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 256; Just., D. 18, 3 πῶς οὐχί; al.; Tat. 8, 1; 32, 2) πῶς οὐχὶ τὰ πάντα ἡμῖν χαρίσεται; Ro 8:32.—2 Cor 3:8.—As an exceptional case the opt. w. ἄν (potential; s. B-D-F §385, 1; Rob. 938; 1021f and Ael. Aristid. 29 p. 557 D.; Just., D. 127, 3; Tat. 16, 1; 17, 3f; Ath. 19, 3 al.) πῶς γὰρ ἂν δυναίμην;=it is impossible for me to do so Ac 8:31 (s. Gen 44:8; Dt 28:67; Sir 25:3).

ε. in questions of deliberation w. a deliberative subjunctive (B-D-F §366, 1; Rob. 934f.—Epict. 4, 1, 100; M. Ant. 9, 40; 2 Km 23:3; Sir 49:11; Ps.-Clem., Hom. 19, 2) πῶς οὖν πληρωθῶσιν αἱ γραφαί; Mt 26:54. πῶς ὁμοιώσωμεν τὴν βασιλείαν; what comparison can we find for the Kingdom? Mk 4:30. πῶς φύγητε; how are you to escape?=you will not escape at all Mt 23:33. πῶς οὖν w. subj. Ro 10:14a, foll. by πῶς δέ and the subj. three times in vss. 14bc, 15.—Hs 5, 7, 3.

ⓑ in indirect questions

α. w. indic. after verbs of knowing, saying, asking etc. ἀκούειν B 7:3 (Just., A I, 40, 1 al.); cp. Mk 12:26. ἀπαγγέλλειν Lk 8:36; 1 Th 1:9. βλέπειν 1 Cor 3:10; Eph 5:15. διηγεῖσθαι Mk 5:16; Ac 9:27ab; 12:17. εἰδέναι (X., Mem. 1, 2, 36) J 9:21; Col 4:6; 2 Th 3:7; GJs 23:3. ἐπέχειν Lk 14:7; ἐπιδεικνύειν B 6:13. ἐπισκέπτεσθαι Ac 15:36. ἐπίστασθαι 20:18. ἐρωτᾶν J 9:15. θεωρεῖν Mk 12:41 (TestAbr B 8 p. 113, 10 [Stone p. 74]). καταμαθεῖν Mt 6:28 (on π. αὐξάνουσιν here s. PKatz, JTS 5, ’54; 207–9); ISm 6:2. κατανοεῖν Lk 12:27; 1 Cl 24:1; 37:2. μεμνῆσθαι GJs 9:2. μνημονεύειν Rv 3:3. νοεῖν 1 Cl 19:3. ὁρᾶν 50:1.—The addition of an article gives the indir. question the value of a noun παρελάβετε τὸ πῶς δεῖ ὑμᾶς περιπατεῖν 1 Th 4:1 (s. also β below).—In some of the passages given above in this section πῶς could have the same mng. as ὅτι that, and this equation at the same time suggests how the Hellenic ear grasped the significance of ὅτι that (for the synonymity in later Gk. s. Epict. 1, 18, 7; 2, 25, 3; 3, 22, 51; Jos., Ant. 12, 205; BGU 37, 6 [50 A.D.]; PRyl 235, 6 ἐθαύμασα δὲ πῶς οὐκ ἐδήλωσάς μοι. See GHatzidakis, Einl. in die neugriech. Gramm. 1892, 19; Rdm.² 196; B-D-F §396; Rob. 1032). That is clearly the mng. in Mt 12:4; Mk 2:26; Ac 11:13; B 11:1; B 14:6; 1 Cl 34:5.

β. w. deliberative subjunctive (ParJer 6, 11 and 14) μὴ μεριμνήσητε πῶς ἢ τί λαλήσητε Mt 10:19.—Mk 11:18; 14:1, 11; Lk 12:11. μεριμνᾷ πῶς ἀρέσῃ 1 Cor 7:32, 33, 34 (t.r. has the fut. in Mk 11:18 and 1 Cor 7:32–34; s. Herodian 5, 4, 9 ἠγνόουν, πῶς χρήσονται τῷ πράγματι). In this case, too, the article can be added (s. α) Lk 22:2, 4; Ac 4:21 (ParJer 6:15).

② in exclamations (cp. 1aβ; Schwyzer II 626) how … ! (X., An. 6, 5, 19 al.; Epict. 1, 16, 13; 4, 1, 115; 116, Ench. 24, 3 πῶς ἄνισοί ἐστε καὶ ἀγνώμονες; M. Ant. 6, 27.—B-D-F §436; Rob. 302; OLagercrantz, Eranos 18, 1918, 26ff; KRupprecht, Philol. 80, 1924, 207) πῶς δύσκολόν ἐστιν Mk 10:24; cp. vs. 23; Lk 18:24. πῶς συνέχομαι 12:50. πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν J 11:36.—Hm 11:20; 12, 4, 2.—JBauer, Pōs in der gr. Bibel, NovT 2, ’57, 81–91. DELG s.v. πο-. M-M. EDNT.

συνίημι (Hom. et al.; pap, LXX; pseudepigr.; Philo, Aet. M. 27; Jos., Ant. 7, 186 al.; apolog.); the NT has only one quite certain ex. of the conjugation in-μι: the inf. συνιέναι Ac 7:25a. In all the other cases the ms. tradition is divided: 3 pl. συνιᾶσιν 2 Cor 10:12 (s. Windisch ad loc.); impf. συνίειν LXX; inf. συνιέναι Lk 24:45; ptc. συνιείς,-έντος Mt 13:19, 23; Eph 5:17 v.l. Beside συνίημι may also be found συνίω Hm 4, 2, 1; 10, 1, 3; 3 pl. συνίουσιν Mt 13:13; 2 Cor 10:12 v.l.; Hm 10, 1, 6a (the accentuation συνιοῦσιν is incorrect; s. W-S. §14, 16; Mlt-H. 60). Impv. σύνιε Hm 6, 2, 3 lat. (for συνιεῖς); Hs 5, 5, 1; 9, 12, 1. Ptc. συνίων Mt 13:23 v.l.; Mk 4:9 D; Ro 3:11; B 12:10 (not συνιῶν or συνιών; s. W-S. loc. cit.). Inf. συνίειν LXX. Either the-μι form or the-ω form could supply the 2 pl. indic. or impv. συνίετε Mt 15:10; Mk 8:17, 21; Eph 5:17, the 3 sg. impv. συνιέτω Mk 4:9 D and, depending on the way the form is accented, the foll. subjunctive forms: 3 pl. συνιωσιν (συνιῶσιν or συνίωσιν) Mk 4:12; Lk 8:10; cp. συνιωμεν B 10:12b, συνιητε 6:5.—Fut. συνήσω, 2d sg. συνιεῖς (?) Hs 6, 2, 2; 1 aor. συνῆκα; 2 aor. subj. συνῶ Ps 72:17, συνῆτε, συνῶσιν, impv. 2 sg. σύνες (LXX; GrBar 1:3), 2 pl. σύνετε.; inf. συνεῖναι (Just.); ptc. συνείς (Just., A II, 3, 3.—B-D-F §94, 2; Mlt-H. 202–207; 325; Reinhold p. 94; Mayser 354, 2; Crönert 258; WSchmid, Der Attizismus II 1889, 26; Thackeray 250f; Rob. 314f) to have an intelligent grasp of someth. that challenges one’s thinking or practice, understand, comprehend τὶ someth. (Pind., Hdt. et al.; Jos., Ant. 1, 255 τὴν γνώμην τ. θεοῦ; Just., A I, 31, 5) Mt 13:51; Lk 2:50; 18:34; 24:45; Ac 13:27 D; 1 Cl 35:11 (Ps 49:22); B 10:12b; 12:10; Hm 4, 2, 1; 6, 2, 6; 10, 1, 3; 6a; 6b; Hs 5, 5, 1. W. ὅτι foll. (Herodian 4, 15, 6; TestLevi 8:18; TestJos 6:2; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 319; Ar. 3, 2; Just., D. 11, 4; Tat. 29, 1) Mt 16:12; 17:13; Ac 7:25a; B 14:3; Hm 4, 2, 2; Hs 2:10; 5, 4, 1. W. indir. quest. foll. Eph 5:17 (Just., D. 69, 4). ς. ἐπί τινι understand with regard to, gain an insight (into someth.) (revealed by the context) ἐπὶ τοῖς ἄρτοις in connection with the loaves i.e. to understand that in the person and work of Jesus the disciples have all they need to carry out their mission Mk 6:52. ἐπὶ τῷ πλούτῳ αὐτοῦ (the rich man) shows understanding in connection with his wealth what the Christian’s duty is Hs 2:7. Abs., but w. the obj. easily supplied fr. the context Mt 13:13f (Is 6:9), 19, 23; 15:10 (Eupolis Com. [V B.C.] 357, 1 κ. ἀκούετε κ. ξυνίετε; Iren. 1, 3, 1 [Harv. I 25, 11]); Mk 4:12 (Is 6:9); 7:14; 8:17, 21; Lk 8:10 (Is 6:9); Ac 7:25b; 28:26 (Is 6:9); Ro 3:11 (cp. Ps 13:2); 15:21 (Is 52:15); B 4:6, 8; 6:5; 10:12a; Hm 6, 2, 3; 10, 1, 6a; Hs 9, 12, 1. συνιέναι τῇ καρδίᾳ (dat. of instr.; cp. καρδία 1bβ) Mt 13:15; Ac 28:27 (both Is 6:10).—2 Cor 10:12 (and 13) the text is in doubt and the words οὐ συνιᾶσιν (συνιοῦσιν v.l.). ἡμεῖς δέ are omitted by some ancient witnesses and numerous scholars, among them Holsten, Schmiedel, Bousset, Windisch, Mft. (‘They belong to the class of self-praisers; while I limit myself to my own sphere’); JHennig, CBQ 8, ’46, 332–43; B-D-F §416, 2; EbNestle⁴-vDobschütz, Einführung in das Griechische NT 1923, 30. If the words are allowed to stand, since they occur in the best witnesses, incl. P⁴⁶ (w. numerous scholars, incl. Goodsp., NRSV), the two preceding participles indicate the ways in which the ignorance of those people is expressed.—B. 1207. M-M. EDNT. TW.

ἀλλά (Hom.+; DELG s.v. ἄλλος; Schwyzer II 578) gener. adversative particle (orig. neut. pl. of ἄλλος, ‘otherwise’) indicating a difference with or contrast to what precedes, in the case of individual clauses as well as whole sentences

① after a negative or after μέν on the contrary, but, yet, rather

ⓐ introducing a contrast οὐκ ἦλθον καταλῦσαι, ἀλλὰ πληρῶσαι Mt 5:17. οὐ πᾶς ὁ λέγων … ἀλλʼ ὁ ποιῶν 7:21. οὐκ ἀπέθανεν, ἀλλὰ καθεύδει Mk 5:39. οὐκέτι οὐδένα εἶδον, ἀλλὰ τὸν Ἰησοῦν μόνον 9:8 (v.l. εἰ μὴ τ. Ἰ.). οὐ … σαρκὶ ἀλλὰ μόνῳ πνεύματι AcPl Ant 13 (μόνον Aa I 237, 3). οὐκ ἔστι θεὸς νεκρῶν ἀλλὰ ζώντων Mt 22:32; Mk 12:27; Lk 20:38. ἀλλὰ καθῶς γέγραπται Ro 15:21 introduces a statement about a procedure that contrasts with what precedes.—W. ascensive force (B-D-F §448; Rob. 1187) οὐ μόνον … ἀλλὰ καί not only …, but also (EpArist oft.; TestJob 47:2f; Jos., Bell. 3, 102; Just., A I, 5, 4): οὐ μόνον δεθῆναι, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἀποθανεῖν Ac 21:13. οὐ μόνον σὲ ἀλλὰ καὶ πάντας τοὺς ἀκούοντας 26:29; cp. 27:10; Ro 1:32; 4:12, 16; 9:24; 13:5; 2 Cor 8:10, 21; 9:12; Eph 1:21; Phil 1:29; 1 Th 1:5; 2:8; Hb 12:26; 1 Pt 2:18. W. the first member shortened (cp. TestJob 35:1) οὐ μόνον δέ, ἀλλὰ καί not only this (is the case), but also: οὐ μόνον δέ (sc. καυχώμεθα ἐπὶ τούτῳ), ἀλλὰ καὶ καυχώμεθα ἐν ταῖς θλίψεσιν Ro 5:3, cp. vs. 11; 8:23; 9:10; 2 Cor 8:19.—Introducing the main point after a question expressed or implied, which has been answered in the negative οὐχί, ἀλλὰ κληθήσεται Ἰωάννης no; rather his name shall be John Lk 1:60. οὐχί, λέγω ὑμῖν, ἀλλὰ ἐὰν μὴ μετανοῆτε no! I tell you; rather, if you do not repent 13:3, 5; cp. 16:30; J 7:12; Ac 16:37; Ro 3:27 (TestAbr A 5 p. 82, 5; 31f [Stone p. 12]; JosAs 4:15 al.; ApcMos 6) after μὴ γένοιτο, which serves as a strong negation 3:31; 7:7, 13; cp. 1 Cor 7:21. The neg. answer is omitted as obvious: (no,) instead of that 6:6 (as a declaration). Instead of ἀ.: ἀλλʼ ἤ Lk 12:51; B 2:8. Also after a negative and ἄλλος, as in Pla., X. et al. (Kühner-G. II 284f; IG IV, 951, 76 [320 B.C.]; PPetr II, 46a, 5 [200 B.C.]; Just., A II, 4, 2 al.; in rhetorical quest. PsSol 5:12; B-D-F §448, 8): except οὐ γὰρ ἄλλα γράφομεν ὑμῖν ἀλλʼ ἢ ἃ ἀναγινώσκετε for we write you nothing (else) except what you can understand 2 Cor 1:13. This construction οὐκ ἄλλος ἀλλʼ ἤ is a combination of οὐκ ἄλλος …, ἀλλά (PTebt 104, 19 [92 B.C.] μὴ ἐξέστω Φιλίσκωνι γυναῖκα ἄλλην ἐπαγαγέσθαι, ἀλλὰ Ἀπολλωνίαν) 1 Cl 51:5, and οὐκ ἄλλος ἤ … (Ps.-Clem., Hom. 16, 20).

ⓑ within the same clause, used to contrast single words (Just., A I, 15, 7 οὐ τούς δικαίους … ἀλλὰ τούς ἀσεβεῖς, D. 48, 1): οὐ … δικαίους ἀλλʼ ἁμαρτωλούς Mt 9:13; Lk 5:32. οὐκ ἐμὲ δέχεται ἀλλὰ τὸν ἀποστείλαντά με Mk 9:37. ἀλλʼ οὐ τί ἐγὼ θέλω ἀλλὰ τί σύ 14:36, cp. J 5:30; 6:38. ἡ ἐμὴ διδαχὴ οὐκ ἔστιν ἐμὴ ἀλλὰ τοῦ πέμψαντός με 7:16. οὐκ ἐγὼ ἀλλὰ ὁ κύριος 1 Cor 7:10. οὐ τῇ πορνείᾳ, ἀλλὰ τῷ κυρίῳ 6:13. οὐκ εἰς τὸ κρεῖσσον ἀλλὰ εἰς τὸ ἧσσον 11:17. οὐκ ἔστιν ἓν μέλος ἀλλὰ πολλά 12:14. οὐκ εἰς τὸ ἀγαθὸν ἀλλʼ εἰς τὸ πονηρόν D 5:2. οὐχ ὡς διδάσκαλος ἀλλʼ ὡς εἷς ἐξ ὑμῶν B 1:8 al. In Mt 20:23, οὐκ ἔστιν ἐμὸν τοῦτο δοῦναι, ἀλλʼ οἷς ἡτοίμασται ὑπὸ τοῦ πατρός μου has been shortened from οὐκ ἐμὸν … ἀλλὰ τοῦ πατρός, ὅς δώσει οἷς ἡτοίμασται ὑπʼ αὐτοῦ.—But s. WBeck, CTM 21, ’50, 606–10 for the mng. except for Mt 20:23=Mk 10:40, and Mk 4:22, also 9:8 v.l. (for εἰ μή); D 9:5. So also B-D-F §448, 8; Mlt-Turner 330; MBlack, An Aramaic Approach³, ’67, 113f.—After μὲν, to indicate that a limiting phrase is to follow πάντα μὲν καθαρά, ἀλλὰ κακὸν τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ Ro 14:20. σὺ μὲν γὰρ καλῶς εὐχαριστεῖς, ἀλλʼ ὁ ἕτερος οὐκ οἰκοδομεῖται 1 Cor 14:17.—The use of ἀλλά in the Johannine lit. is noteworthy, in that the parts contrasted are not always of equal standing grammatically: οὐκ ἦν ἐκεῖνος τὸ φῶς ἀλλʼ ἵνα μαρτυρήσῃ περὶ τοῦ φωτός=ἀλλὰ μαρτυρῶν π. τ. φ. J 1:8; οὐκ ᾔδειν αὐτόν ἀλλʼ … ἦλθον although I did not know him, yet I came vs. 31. εἶπον [ὅτι] οὐκ εἰμὶ ἐγὼ ὁ Χριστός, ἀλλʼ ὅτι I said, ‘I am not the Christ; rather, I was sent before him’ 3:28. οὔτε οὗτος ἥμαρτεν οὔτε οἱ γονεῖς αὐτοῦ, ἀλλʼ ἵνα φανερωθῇ neither this man has sinned, nor his parents, but (he was born blind) that … might be revealed 9:3.

② when whole clauses are compared, ἀλλά can indicate a transition to someth. different or contrasted: the other side of a matter or issue, but, yet. δεῖ γὰρ γενέσθαι, ἀλλʼ οὔπω ἐστὶν τὸ τέλος Mt 24:6, cp. Lk 21:9. κεκοίμηται• ἀλλὰ πορεύομαι ἵνα ἐξυπνίσω αὐτόν J 11:11, cp. vs. 15; 16:20; Lk 22:36; J 4:23; 6:36, 64; 8:37; Ac 9:6; Ro 10:18f. ἁμαρτία οὐκ ἐλλογεῖται … ἀλλὰ … sin is not charged; nevertheless … 5:13f. Introducing an objection, ἀλλὰ ἐρεῖ τις (Jos., Bell. 7, 363 and Just., A I, 7, 1 ἀλλὰ φήσει τις) probably colloq. = ‘well’, someone will say: 1 Cor 15:35; Js 2:18 (difft. DWatson, NTS 39 ’93, 94–121). Taking back or limiting a preceding statement παρένεγκε τὸ ποτήριον τοῦτο ἀπʼ ἐμοῦ• ἀλλʼ οὐ τί ἐγὼ θέλω Mk 14:36. ἀλλʼ οὐχ ὡς τὸ παράπτωμα, οὔτως καὶ τὸ χάρισμα Ro 5:15. ἀλλʼ οὐκ ἐχρησάμεθα τῇ ἐξουσίᾳ ταύτῃ 1 Cor 9:12. ἀλλὰ ἕκαστος ἴδιον ἔχει χάρισμα 7:7. ἀλλὰ καὶ περὶ τούτου δὲ εἴρηται D 1:6.—In ἀλλʼ, οὐ πάντες οἱ ἐξελθόντες … ; in Hb 3:16 ἀλλʼ, in the opinion of some, seems to owe its origin solely to a misunderstanding of the preceding τίνες as τινές by an early copyist (B-D-F §448, 4), but here ἀλλά may convey strong asseveration surely (so REB). See 3 below.

③ before independent clauses, to indicate that the preceding is to be regarded as a settled matter, thus forming a transition to someth. new (Just., A I, 3; 10, 1) other matter for additional consideration, but ἀλλὰ ὁ ὄχλος οὗτος … ἐπάρατοί εἰσιν but this rabble … is accursed J 7:49. ἀλλʼ ἐν τούτοις πᾶσιν ὑπερνικῶμεν (no, not at all!) but in all these we are more than conquerors Ro 8:37. ἀλλʼ ὅτι ἃ θύουσιν, δαιμονίοις … θύουσιν (no!) but they (the gentiles) offer what they sacrifice to inferior deities 1 Cor 10:20 (their second-rate status is Paul’s connotation). Cp. Gal 2:3 and Mt 11:7f ἀλλὰ τί ἐξήλθατε ἰδεῖν; (you could not have wanted to see that;) but what did you go out to see? Also to be explained elliptically is the ascensive ἀλλὰ καί (and not only this,) but also Lk 12:7; 16:21; 24:22; Phil 1:18 (Ath. 21, 4); negative ἀλλʼ οὐδέ Lk 23:15; Ac 19:2; 1 Cor 3:2; 4:3 (Ar. 9:1); strengthened ἀλλά γε καί indeed Lk 24:21; ἀλλὰ μὲν οὖν γε καί Phil 3:8; Hb 3:16 (s. 2 above) may well be rendered (as NEB) all those, surely, whom Moses had led out of Egypt (cp. Dio Chrys. 33, 36; 47, 3).

④ for strong alternative/additional consideration

ⓐ in the apodosis of conditional sentences, yet, certainly, at least εἰ καὶ πάντες σκανδαλισθήσονται, ἀλλʼ οὐκ ἐγώ certainly I will not Mk 14:29; cp. 1 Cor 8:6; 2 Cor 4:16; 5:16; 11:6; strengthened ἀλλὰ καί: εἰ γὰρ σύμφυτοι γεγόναμεν …, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῆς ἀναστάσεως (sc. σύμφυτοι) ἐσόμεθα we shall certainly be united w. him in his resurrection Ro 6:5; limited by γε (ἀλλʼ οὖν γε Just., D. 76, 6; 93, 1): εἰ ἄλλοις οὐκ εἰμὶ ἀπόστολος, ἀλλά γε ὑμῖν εἰμι at least I am one to you 1 Cor 9:2 (cp. X., Cyr. 1, 3, 6; B-D-F §439, 2). ἐὰν γὰρ μυρίους παιδαγωγοὺς ἔχητε ἐν Χριστῷ, ἀλλʼ οὐ πολλοὺς πατέρας certainly not many fathers 1 Cor 4:15.

ⓑ rhetorically ascensive: (not only this,) but rather πόσην κατειργάσατο ὑμῖν σπουδήν, ἀ. ἀπολογίαν, ἀ. ἀγανάκτησιν, ἀ. φόβον, ἀ. ἐπιπόθησιν, ἀ. ζῆλον, ἀ. ἐκδίκησιν even, yes indeed 2 Cor 7:11. On Eph 5:24 s. 5 below.

⑤ w. an impv. to strengthen the command: now, then (Arrian, Anab. 5, 26, 4 ἀλλὰ παραμείνατε=so hold on! JosAs 13:9; ApcMos 3; SibOr 3, 624; 632; Jos., Ant. 4, 145): ἀλλὰ ἐλθὼν ἐπίθες τὴν χεῖρά σου now come and lay your hand on her Mt 9:18. ἀλλʼ εἴ τι δύνῃ, βοήθησον now help me, if you can (in any way) Mk 9:22. ἀλλὰ ὑπάγετε εἴπατε now go and tell 16:7. ἀλλὰ ἀναστὰς κατάβηθι Ac 10:20. ἀλλὰ ἀνάστηθι 26:16 (JosAs 14:11).—In same sense w. subjunctive ἀλλʼ … ἀπειλησώμεθα αὐτοῖς μηκέτι λαλεῖν now let us warn them not to speak any longer 4:17. ἀλλʼ ὥσπερ ἐν παντὶ περισσεύετε … ἵνα καὶ ἐν ταύτῃ τῇ χάριτι περισσεύητε 2 Cor 8:7. Unless Eph 5:24 is to be placed in 4b, it is prob. to be understood as an ellipsis, and can be expanded thus: then just as the church is subject to Christ, wives should also be subject to their husbands. Yet ἀλλά is also used to introduce an inference from what precedes: so, therefore, accordingly (e.g. Aristoph., Ach. 1189 ὁδὶ δὲ καὐτός. Ἀλλʼ ἄνοιγε τὴν θύραν=‘here he is in person. So open the door’, Birds 1718; Herodas 7, 89; Artem. 4, 27 p. 219, 22; cp. AMoorehouse, ClQ 46, ’52, 100–104 on ‘progressive’ ἀλλά as Od. 3, 388).—M-M.